^f? ^fi/m^ 18*

r&~> (/LJWI^-, <^^^t

fttcmotrs of the |ttustum of (Compuntttbc ^oo'logn ^p t/1 - ^%L

/

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
VOL. X. No. 4.

d.

*
A

/

REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

A

BY WALTER FAXON.

\

PART I. THE GENERA CAMBARUS AND ASTACUS.

-co

WITH TEN PLATES.

CAMBRIDGE:

for tfje fHustum.
AUGUST, 1885.

Icmotrs of tbt fftuseunt of Comparattbe

AT HARVARD COLLEGE.
VOL. X. No. 4.

REVISION OF THE ASTACIDvE.

BY WALTER FAXON.

PART I. THE GENERA CAMBARUS AND ASTACUS.

LI BR

WITH TEN PLATES.

CAMBRIDGE:

fat tlje ilflustum.
AUGUST, 1885.

PREFACE.

THE following Revision of the crayfishes of the Northern hemisphere is
based mainly upon the material in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Through gifts from friends, and through a system of exchanges carried on
during the past few years, the Museum now possesses all the known species
of Astacus from Europe and Asia, together with all the American species of
Astacus and Cambarus excepting Cambarus angustatiis (Le Conte), C. Wicg-
manni Erichs., and C. Mexicanus Erichs., and the doubtful species C. ma-
mcuMus (Le Conte), C. Stygius Bundy, C. Nebrascensis Girard, and Asiacus
Orcgamis Randall. In this collection is included the chief part of the
material used by Dr. Hagen in the preparation of his Monograph of the
North American Astacida?, a work which forms the foundation of our knowl-
edge of the crayfishes of this continent. One may form some notion of the
importance of the material received since the publication of Hagen's me-
moir, from the fact that twenty new species of Cambarus are made known
in the following pages,* while Dr. Hagen described but ten unknown to
previous authors.

Besides the collection in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, I have
examined these :

1. The collection in the United States National Museum at Washington.
Next to that at Cambridge this is the richest collection of Astacidte in the
United States, and both have been much benefited by interchanges. All
of the new material received at the National Museum during the prepa-
ration of this Revision has been promptly sent to me for study. For this
invaluable aid I am under great obligation to Prof. S. F. Baird, Director of

* Since this was written, descriptions of the new species have been printed in the Proceedings of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX. pp. 108-135, December, 1834. Such a course seemed
desirable on account of delay iu the publication of the complete memoir.

iv PREFACE.

the National Museum, and to Mr. Richard Rathbun, Curator of Invertebrata.
Of the types of Girard's and Stimpson's species which this collection once
contained, I was able to find only two, C. Pcalei Gir. (= C. affinis Say) and
A. Trowlridgii Stra. The rest were probably lost in the great fire of Chi-
cago in 1871, while in Stimpson's hands.

2. Through the courtesy of the Council of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, I have had the opportunity to inspect the Asta-
cidjB in the collection belonging to the Academy ; and the specimens that
demanded more than a cursory examination have been sent to me in Cam-
bridge. This collection, although small, is of great historical interest, since
it contains many apparently authoritative examples of Girard's species, to-
gether with types of species described by Harlan, Gibbes, and Le Conte.
It was examined by Hagen also in the course of the preparation of his
Monograph.

3. The collection of the Peabody Museum of Yale College, New Haven,
Conn., containing types of Astacus Troivlridgii Stimpson and Oambarus Sloanii
Bundy.

4. The Astacidte belonging to the Boston Society of Natural History.

5. The collection of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass.

6. The valuable collection of Maryland and Virginia Cambari brought
together by Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore, Maryland. This collection is con-
tained in upward of one hundred and eighty jars. Through the labors of
Mr. Uhler, Maryland is now one of the best explored States in the Union.

7. Prof. 0. P. Hay of Butler University, Irvington, Indiana, has kindly
offered for my examination an interesting collection of sixteen species of
Cambarus secured in the West and South by himself and Prof. D. S. Jordan.

I take this opportunity also to acknowledge the loan of specimens from
the private collections of Professors L. A. Lee, R. R. Wright, A. S. Packard,
D. S. Jordan, and B. F. Koons, Dr. C. H. Merriam, and Messrs. R. S. Tarr
and C. II. Gilbert.

The second part of this Revision will include the crayfishes of the South-
ern hemisphere, the Parastacinse.

CONTENTS.

PACE

LIMITATION OF THE FAMILY ASTACID^E ......... 1

DIAGNOSIS OF THE FAMILY ASTACID^E . ....... 1

DIVISION OF THE FAMILY INTO TWO SUBFAMILIES, POTAMOBIIN.E AND PARASTACIN^E 2

DIVISION OF THE POTAMOBIIN^E INTO TWO GENERA, CAMBARUS AND AsTACtJS . 2

THE GENUS CAMBARUS 3

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS CAMBARUS FROM THE YEAR 1868 TO THE PRES-
ENT TIME . . . 4
NOTICE OF HAGEN'S MONOGRAPH OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ASTAGTD^E . 8
HAGEN'S NOTES ON THE TYPES OF ERICHSON'S AND DE SAUSSURE'S SPECIES

OF CAMBARUS IN THE BERLIN MUSEUM 9

NOTICE OF THE EXTANT TYPES OF CAMBARI DESCRIBED BY AMERICAN AUTHORS

BEFORE THE DATE OF HAGEN'S MONOGRAPH 10

ON THE TWO FORMS OF THE MALE IN THE GENUS CAMBARUS ... 12

INDICATIONS OF UERMAPHRODITISM IN CAMBARUS 12

PECULIARITIES OF THE YOUNG STAGES OF CAMBARUS 15

RANK OF THE SUBFAMILIES POTAMOBIIN^E AND PARASTACIN^E, AND OF THE

GENERA CAMBARUS AND ASTACUS ... . . .16

DIVISION OF THE GENUS CAMBARUS INTO FIVE SUBORDINATE GROUTS . . 16
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE SPECIES OF CAMBARUS, WITH THEIR SYNONYMY

AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION .... ... 17

GROUP I. (TYPE, C. Blandingii) 17

GROUP II. (TYPE, C. advena) 47

GROUP III. (TYPE, C. Bartonii) 59

GROUP IV. (TYPE, C. affinis) 85

GROUP V. (TYPE, C. Montezuma) 121

THE GENUS ASTACUS 125

THE SUBGENUS CAMBAROIDES . 126

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE SPECIES OF CAMBAROIDES .... 128

TUB NORTH AMERICAN ASTACI 130

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ASTACUS . 131

THE EUROPEAN ASTACI 137

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF ASTACUS . . . 141

NOTE ON THE FOSSIL ASTACID.E 154

vi CONTENTS.

PAGE

TABLE SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EVEKY SPECIES OF CAMBA-

EUS AND ASTACUS . . ...... 157

TABLE SHOWING OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NORTH
AMERICAN SPECIES OF CAMBARUS AND ASTACUS, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO
STATES AND TERRITORIES 105

DISTRIBUTION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CAMBARUS AND ASTACUS

ACCORDING TO RlVER SYSTEMS 173

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS DERIVED FKOM THE FACTS KNOWN CONCERNING THE GEO-
GRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ASTACID^E 175

INDEX TO THE SPECIES . . . 181

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES 183

A

REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

THE family Astacidrc, in a strict sense, is equivalent to the genus Asta-
cus, as limited by Milne Edwards in 1837.* Thus restricted, it includes only
fresh-water species, the crayfishes proper, animals closely related to the
marine family of lobsters, or Homaridae (Homarus, Nephrops, Nephropsis,
Enoplometopus, Phoberus), from which they are distinguished by having
the last segment of the thorax movably articulated with the preceding
segment, and by having the podobranchiae (or gills borne on the thoracic
limbs) closely united to the epipodites (or external branches of the limbs),
to the more or less complete suppression of the lamellar portion of the
epipodite. On the other hand, the Astacidae lead, through such forms as
Thaumastochelesf and Calocaris, to the fossorial Thalassinidse.

Thus limited, the Astaciclte are Macrourous Decapod Crustacea, with
carapace produced into a rostrum in front, and divided by a transverse
groove (cervical groove); narrow thoracic sterna; posterior thoracic somite
united to the preceding somite by a movable joint ; second to sixth abdomi-
nal somites with a broad descending lateral plate (pleuron) on each side,
which protects the abdominal appendages ; antennules terminated by two
filaments; antennae furnished with a movable external scale or squamejt
first pair of legs much enlarged, chelate ; second and third pairs of legs with
small chela? ; last two pairs of legs not chelate ; first pair of abdominal

* Histoire Natuvelle ties Crustaccs, Tom. II. p. 329.

f A genus founded by Wood-Mason (Proe. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1874, p. 1ST) for the reception of
Astacus zuleurus Willcmoes-Snlini, brought up by the "Challenger" from a depth of 450 fathoms, near
Sombrero Island, West Indies. See Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 3d Series, Vol. I., Zool., pp. 4S-30,
PI. X. fig. 1. Until the structure of the gills is known, it is impossible to say whether, from the sum of its
characters, Thaumastocheles should be placed among the Astacidrc or among tlie Thalassinid<e.

% The antennal scale is very small in Astacoides Madayaseunensis Aud. et M. Edw.

1

2 A EEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

appendages of male transformed into styliform organs, or else absent ;
external branch of posterior pair of appendages divided by a transverse
suture ; gills composed of a stem beset with numerous cylindrical filaments
(trichobranchiae), those borne on the proximal segments of the thoracic
appendages (podobranehiaa) imperfectly, or not at all, separated into a
proper branchial and a lamellar portion; just in front of the base of the
podobranchiae a pencil of long, fine setre (coxopoditic sette) arises from a
small papilla on the proximal segment of the legs.

Huxley has shown, in his essay " On the Classification and the Distri-
bution of the Crayfishes," that the family Astacida?, as defined above,
naturally falls into two subordinate groups, to which I would assign the
value of subfamilies, viz. :

1. The POTAMOEIIN^E, comprising the crayfishes of North America,
Europe, and Asia. In these the first abdominal somite in the male bears a
pair of styliform appendages ; t the podobranchise borne on the second and
third maxillipeds and on the first three pairs of legs are furnished with a
broad bilobed plaited lamina ; the epipodite of the first maxilliped is desti-
tute of branchial filaments; the coxopoditic sette are acute, not hooked, at
the end ; the telson is commonly divided more or less completely by a
transverse suture.

The subfamily Potamobiintc includes two genera :

a. Cambarus, distinguished principally by the absence of gills on the last
thoracic somite and the absence of a bilobed lamina from the podobranchiae
of the penultimate pair of legs. (Page 3.)

1. Abacus, characterized chiefly by the presence of a pair of branchiae
on the wall of the last thoracic somite, and a folded lamina on the podo-
branchiso of the thoracic appendages from the second maxilliped to the
penultimate pair of legs inclusive. (Page 125.)

2. The PARASTACIN^E, comprising all the crayfishes of the Southern
hemisphere ; viz. those of South America, Madagascar, Australia, Tasma-
nia, New Zealand, and the Fcejee Islands. J In this subfamily the first
abdominal somite is devoid of appendages in both sexes ; the podobranchiaa

e Proc. Zoolog. Roe. Li.mloii, 1878, pp. 752-788.

f The first abdominal appendages are rudimentary or nhscut in tlio female.

J In t.lic collection of the United States National Museum there is a specimen of an undescribcd Pa-
rastacine I'mm Culima, Mexico, collected by J. Xantus. This is the only representative of the Parastaciiise
which h;is IH-CII found north of the equator. According to Huxley, op. cit., p. 771, there are two specimens
nl' l',iranr]ihri>]is from the Fcrjrc Islands in the British Museum. Perhaps the locality labels of the Mexican
and 1'Yrjcc specimens are erroneous.

CAMBARUS. 3

lack the bilobed plaited lamina of the Potamobiina?, although the stem may
be expanded into a wing ; the epipodite of the first maxillipcd almost
always carries branchial filaments; the coxopoditic setce terminate in hooks;
the telson is not divided by a transverse suture.*

Six genera of Parastacinoe have been described ; viz. Axtacoidcs, by Gue-
rin ; Chiracs and Hue/ecus, by Erichson ; Paiwicphrops, by White ; Astacopsis
and Pamstacus, by Huxley. Some of these genera are based on too trivial
characters to be valid. The group will be revised in the second part of this
memoir.

CAMBARUS.

In the genus Cambarus, established by Erichson in 1846, t the cephalo-
thorax is subcylindrical. The last thoracic somite is devoid of gills, neither
are there any traces of rudimentary pleurobranchiae on the anterior somites ;
the hindmost podobranchia has no lamina. The branchial formula is as
follows :

SOMITE. J 1'oDonnAxcm.E. ARTHBOBEAKCHI^. PLEUROBRANCIII.E.

Anterior. Posterior.

. . . . . (cp.)

. . . . . 2

. . 1 . . . 3

. . 1 . . . 3

. . 1 . . . 3

. . 1 . . . 3

. . 1 . . . 3

. . . . .

6-j-ep. + G + 5 + = 17 + op.

This gives a total of thirty-four branching counting those on both sides of
the thorax. The orifice of the green gland is situate near the apex of the

* Cliilton (Trans. New Zealand List., Vol. XV. pp. 152, 103, PI. xx. fig. 7, 1882) lias observed that
the internal male reproductive organs iu Pantiirjilirops selosus are very different from those in the Potamo-
biiurc. In the former the testes are two long tubes united by a transverse commissure, while in the latter
they form a trilobed organ through the coalescence of the right and left testes posterior to the vasa defercutia.
I have dissected an unclescribed Parastaciuc from Chili, and find the testes to agree with those of Para-
nsphrops. It will probably be found that all the Parastacinre agree in this regard. On account of the resem-
blance of the internal male generative organs in Parancphrops and Palinurus, and the furl her agreement of
the Parastarina 1 and Palinuridte in the absence of the first pair of abdominal appendages and presence of
hooked setae, Chiltou has forced these groups into too close relationship. Cf. T. Jeffcry Parker, in the same
journal, Vol. XVI. p. 305.

f Ucbcrsicht der Arten dcr Gattung Astacus. Arch. f. Xaturgesch., XII. Jahrg., Ed. I. p. S3.

| The somite that bears the first pair of maxillipcds is here reckoned as the sixth.

VI. . .

. . (op.)

VII . .

1 . .

1

VIII. . .

. . 1 . .

1

ix . .

. . 1 . .

1

x. . .

. . 1 . .

1

XI. . .

. . 1 . .

1

XII . .

. . 1 . .

1

XIII.

4 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

short conical tubercle of the basal segment of the antennule. The third (in
C. Montczumce and C. ShufdJlii the second and third), or the third and fourth
pairs of legs in the male, have a prominent tubercle or hook on the anterior
border of the third segment. The first pair of abdominal appendages in the
male are terminated by styles, hooks, or teeth.* A more or less mobile
annul us is situated on the sternum of the female, just behind the penulti-
mate thoracic .somite ; t and in this sex the first pair of abdominal appen-
dages, though much smaller than the succeeding pairs, and simple, are
somewhat larger than in the genus Astacus. The telson is clearly divided
by a transverse suture.

The genus Cambarus is widely distributed over the North American con-
tinent, from Lake Winnipeg to Guatemala, from New Brunswick to Wyoming
Territory. For a fuller account of the geographical distribution of the genus,
the reader is referred to page 178.

Bibliography of the Genus Cambarus, from the Year 1868 to the

Present Time.

Although seventeen years have elapsed since the genus Cambarus was
revised by Dr. Hagen, t but little has been added to our knowledge of these
animals during that period. The bibliography of the genus down to the
year 1868 has been given with sufficient fulness on pages 5-12 of Hagen's
memoir. I will briefly mention the works published since that date which
treat of these animals.

1871. E. D. Cope, in an article entitled " Life in the Wyandotte Cave," in the
Indianapolis Journal, Sept. 5 (reprinted in Ann. and Mag-, of Nat. Hist., 4th Ser.,
Vol. VIII. pp. 368-370), records the capture of a blind crayfish in the Wyandotte Cave,
Crawford Co., Ind. It is considered to be the same as the Mammoth Cave species,
C. pelluddiis.

In a "Report on the Wyaudutte Cave and its Fauna" (Third and Fourth
Ann. R,.p. Geolog. Surv. Ind., pp. 157-182; Amer. Nat., Vol. VI. pp. 406-422), Cope
gives a fuller account, accompanied by a figure, of the Wyandotte Cave .species, Avhich,
alter comparison with C. ///,/,/<//<*, he concludes to be a new species. This he names
Orconectes inemnis, establishing a new genus for the reception of the two blind species.

( A detailed description of these appendages will lie found on page 17 of Hageu's Monograph ol the
American

t See IhiLTi'll. up. C/'/., p. 10.

\liinni,'i-ii|ili of (ho North Amoi-iean Aslaeidte, by Dr. Hermann A. linden. 111. Cat. Mils. Comp.
/."<">!., No. 111. (Mm., Vol. II. No. 1), 1870. This monograph was finished in 1SGS, although not published
(ill t\vo years lain-.

CAMRARUS. 5

In the next number of the American Naturalist, Aug., 1872 (Vol. VI. p. 404), linden
doubts tin 1 specific difference of the two cave forms, and opposes the establishment of a
now genus based on the rudimentary condition of the eyes.

1S72. In a memoir " I'eber ( 'ubanische Crustaceen" (Arch. f. Naturgesch., XXXYI1I.
Jalirg., Bd. I. pp. 77-147), E. v. Martens describes /'mulx/rus Cubcnsis Erichs. from Cuba,
and ('a mini rufi Jf<>ii/<-.i'/iiii', vur. nov. friili'iix, from Mexico. Short diagnoses of C. Cubi-i/xi*
Erichs., C. II7i </////</</' Erichs., C. Mi'.i-ii-<innx Erichs., C. Aztec-us Sauss., and C. Monlczumcc
Sauss., are added. Concerning the identity of C. Cubcnsis Sauss. and C. consobri/mx
Siiuss., Von Martens is doubtful ; but lie thinks it probable, from specimens sent to the
Berlin Museum by Dr. Gundlach, that there is a second Cuban Cambarus agreeing with
0. Citbi'/ixix in the shape of the rostrum, but differing from it in the sexual appendages.

1873. In a paper " On the Cave Fauna of Indiana " (Fifth Ann. Hep. I'eabody Acad.
Sci., Salem, pp. 93-97), A. S. Packard, Jr. communicates the results of a comparison of
the blind Cambari from the Mammoth and Wyandotte Caves. He concludes that they
are one and the same species, and doubts, with Hagen, the validity of a genus based on
the atrophy of the visual organs.

1873. Dr. Charles C. Abbott prints, in the American Naturalist, Vol. VII. pp. 80-84,
" Notes on the Habits of certain Crawfish." The observations were made at Trenton,
N. J., upon three species, "C. acntiis Gir." (6'. Blandinyii), C. ajfuiis, and C. Burtonii.
Specimens of all three of these species, received from Dr. Abbott, are in the Museum of
the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass.

1874. Prof. S. I. Smith, in a paper on the Crustacea of the Fresh Waters of the
United States, in U. S. Fish Commissioner's Report for 1872 and 1873, gives a list of
the Astacidss of the Northern United States east of the Mississippi Paver (pp. G37-639).
T liis list is compiled from Hageu's Monograph, but adds new localities for C. propin-

and C. Burtonii. Orconcctcs inermis Cope is considered a synonym of Cambarus

1874. In " Remarks on the Mammoth Cave and some of its Animals " (Dull. Essex
Inst., Vol. VI. pp. 191-200), Mr. F. W. Putnam speaks of the association of C.

and C. Biuloiiii in the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. The occurrence of C.

near the entrance of another cave several miles from Mammoth Cave is noted, and obser-

vations are added on the color of cave specimens of C. pcllucidus and C. Burtouii.

1875. Substantially the same observations are again printed by Mr. Putnam in Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat, Hist., Vol. XVII. pp. 222-225.

1875. "On some of the Habits of the Blind Crawfish, Cambarus pellucidus, and the
Reproduction of lost Parts." By F. W. Putnam. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVIII.
pp. 1G-19. In this communication Mr. Putnam treats of the habits, coloration, exuvi-
ation, and restoration of lost parts in C. peHiu-idus and C. Bartonii. The observations
were made upon living specimens, brought to Cambridge, Mass., from the Mammoth Cave.
The specimens are now preserved in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. One of the
specimens of C. pcllucidus lived upwards of nine months in confinement, exposed to the
full glare of day.

1875. In an essay " On the Antiquity of the Caverns and Cavern Life of the Ohio
Valley" (Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II. p. 362; also in Mem. Ky. Geolog. Surv.,
Vol. I. Part I., 1876), t Professor N. S. Shaler speculates on the origin of the blind
Cambarus p<11 nt-idi/* of the Mammoth Cave. (See p. 41.)

1875. Erocchi, in his "Recherches sur les Organes Genitaux Males des Crustace's
Ddcapodes" (Ann. Sci. Nat, 6 e S6rie, Zool. et Paleontol, Tom. II. Art. 2), figures the first

6 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIIME.

abdominal appendage of the male Cambarus robustus (PI. XIII. fig. 15), and criticises
Hageu for retaining the genus Cambarus as distinct from Astacus, and for dividing the
genus into upwards of thirty species, based chiefly on the form of the male appendages.
With regard to the first point, the generic value of Cambarus, Brocchi asserts that, of
all the characters urged by Hagen as a warrant for the establishment of the genus, only
one seems to him to be of any importance, namely, the absence of the posterior branchiae,
and this lie, has not been able to verify ! He goes on to say (p. 26) : " Si Ton preud, par
exemple, le caractere tire" de la presence d'un ongle a la troisieme et quatrieme paire de
pattes, je ferai observer qu'une seule espece Cambarus, le Cambarus acufus, pre"seute cet
appendice a la troisieme et quatrieme paire de pattes ; tous les autres ont seulement
les quatrieme et einquieme paires unguiculees, caractere qui leur est commun avec les
Ecrevisses [Astacus]." This passage is inexplicable to me, but seems to show a complete
misconception of what Hageu means by the hooked legs of Cambarus. With regard to
the second point, Hagen's division of Cambarus into species, most of which, according
to Brocchi, should be considered as simple varieties, it must be admitted that there
will always be a difference of opinion concerning the amount of variation necessary
to warrant the erection of species ; but I think that any zoologist, with ample material
before him, will admit the justice of Hagen's principle of division. Brocchi's censure
of Hagen's work is wholly unmerited, and springs from ignorance of the subject under
discussion. That the author does not understand the phenomenon of two forms of the
male Cambari is shown on page 28. The final objection to Hagen's principle of classifi-
cation, that it would lead to the breaking up of the European Astacus flmiatilis of
authors into several species, is of no weight, since the dismemberment of that species
was brought about long ago on other grounds than the character of the male appen-
dages. Brocchi's Astacus fluviatilis, from Vaucluse (PL XII. figs. 12, 13), is A. pallipcs
Lereboullet.

1876. S. A. Forbes, in his " List of Illinois Crustacea, with Descriptions of New
Species " (Bull. 111. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. pp. 3-25), records, with annotations, C. acuti's
Gir., C. virilis Hag., C. propinquus Gir.,' C. immunis Hag., C. obcsus Hag. ; also, on the
authority of Dr. Hagen, C. troglodytes and C. placidus. The second form of the male
C. immunis Hag. is described for the first time. Three new species, described by W. F.
Bundy, are included in the list : C. Stygius, from Lake Michigan ; C. Wisconsincnx'tx,
from Normal, 111., and Piacine, Wis. ; and C. gracilis from Illinois and Wisconsin. In
an appendix to the list, Mr. Bundy describes two more new species of Cambarus from
without the limits of the State of Illinois ; viz. C. Sloanii from Southern Indiana and
Kentucky, and C. tl-bilis from Wisconsin.

Of Bundy's species I have seen types (in the Museum of Comparative Zoology) of
C. Wisconsinensis, C. gracilis, C. Sloanii, and C. dcbilis. C. gracilis and C. Sloanii are
good species. C. Wisconsinensis appears to be the same species as Hagen's C. placidi's
(= C. rusticm, var. ?). C. dcbilis is the second form of the male of C. virilis Hag.
C. Stygius, according to Bundy in a later paper, closely resembles C. acutus, but differs in
the .shorter chela?, which resemble those of C. propinfjnus. All of the specimens of this
species seen by Bundy were mutilated, the fourth pair of legs being lost.

1877. Mr. Bundy (" On the Cambari of Northern Indiana," in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
I'lula., 1877, pp. 171-174) records C. immunis Hag., C. obcsus Hag., C. nrilis Hag., and
('. jim/u'niji/iix Uir., from Northern Indiana; redescribes C. Sloan ii from Southern In-
diana and Kentucky ; and describes a new species, C. spinosu's, from near Borne,
Georgia. Through the courtesy of Mr. P. II. Uhler, the Museum of Comparative

CAMBARUS. 7

Zoology lias obtained types of C. spinosus. It is a distinct species from any previously
described.

1877. Dr. Thomas H. Streets, in an article entitled " Description of Cambarus d>i'*i,
a new species of Crawfish from Dakota," in Bull. U. S. Geolog. and Geograph. Surv. Terr.,
Vol. III. pp. 803, 804, describes C. Cuu-tsi, sp. nov., from the Bed Paver of the North, and
gives a note (by Dr. Coues) on the color of living C. virilis. Types of C. Couesi have
been received by the Museum of Comparative Zoology in exchange with the U. S.
National Museum. They are not specifically distinct from C. virilis, agreeing fully with
some dl' llagen's types of that species.

1878. Huxley, in his essay " On the Classification and the Distribution of the Cray-
fishes," I'roc. Zoolog. Soc. London, 1878, pp. 752-788, gives an account of the branchiae in
a species of Carnbarus obtained near Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala, at an elevation of
about 4,300 feet above the sea. In his subsequent work, " The Crayfish," 1880, Professor
Huxley gives a figure of the penultimate leg of this Cambarus. It is hooked as in the
species of the C. Iil<ni<1iiii/ii group. Perhaps it is C. Wiegmanni Erichs. The locality is
interesting as being the most southern on record for the genus Cambarus.

1 SSi i-82. In the 57th Jahresbericht der Schles. Gesellsch. f. vaterl. Cultur, p. 202
(1879), it is recorded that Dr. Gustav Joseph exhibited a blind Carnbarus, C. typhldbius,
sp. nov., from the caves of Carniola, closely related to C. pelhtcidus from the Mammoth
Cave, Kentucky. In a paper published in December, 1881,' in the twenty-fifth volume of
the Berliner Entomologische Zeitschr., the same writer again mentions the blind Crayfish
by the name Cumin rus ccc-cus, sp. nov. (p. 237), and Cawlxtrus Stygius, sp. nov. (p. 249).
In the twenty-sixth volume of the same journal, p. 12, April, 1882, Dr. Joseph gives
a fuller account of this species under the name Cambarus Stygius. (See p. 45 of this
Revision.)

1881. A new blind Crayfish from the Nickajack Cave, Tennessee, is described and
figured by Cope and Packard in the American Naturalist, Vol. XV. pp. 877-882, Pl.VII.
("The Fauna of the Nickajack Cave"). This species is named Orconcctcs Jiainulntux. It
resembles C. pcllucidus in general form, but the external sexual parts are similar to those
of the Cambari belonging to the C. Bartonii group. The authors surmise that 0. Itamu-
Intits is derived from C. latimanus. Two type specimens have been presented to the
Museum of Comparative Zoology by Professor Packard.

1882. Mr. C. L. Herrick, in the Tenth Ann. Piep. Geolog. and Nat. Hist. Surv. of
Minnesota, pp. 253, 254, records Camlarus virilis Hagen from Minnesota, and describes
as a new species C. signifcr, from Hennepin County, in the same State. Types of both
of Herrick's species have been procured through the U. S. National Museum and
Mr. Herrick. The " new " species, C. signifcr, does not differ from Hagen's C. immn-
nis enough to be esteemed a different species, as was pointed out in Science, Vol. I.
p. 15, 1883.

1882. " A List of the Crustacea of Wisconsin, with Notes on some new or little
known Species," by W. F. Bundy, in Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, Vol. V.
pp. 177-184. In this paper C. Stygius, C. Wisconsinemis, C. dcbilis, and C. firin-His, all
of them Bandy's species, are again described. C. acutiis Gir., C. virilis Hag., C. p>'o-
pinqims Gir., C. placid us Hag., C. rusticus Gir., C. obcsns Hag., and C. Bartonii Erichs.,
are also included in the list as Wisconsin species, C. rusticus and C. Bartonii from Lake
Superior.

1883. " The Crustacean Fauna of Wisconsin, with Descriptions of little known
Species of Cambarus," by W. F. Bundy, in Geology of Wisconsin, Survey of 1873-79,

8 A KEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

Vol. I. pp. 402-405. This paper is the same in substance as the last ; but C. placid us
Hag. is omitted from the list, and C. Couesi Streets ? is added.

1883. The exhibition of living specimens of Centibar us Burtonii from North Graftou,
Worcester Co., Muss., at the rooms of the Worcester Natural History Society, is recorded
in " Scientific and Literary Gossip," Vol. I. p. 113. The only locality in this State
hitherto known was Williamstown, in Berkshire Co. Through the kindness of Mr. F. G.
Sanborn these specimens are now in the collection of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology.

1884. In a note " On the so-called Dimorphism in the Genus Cambarus," in Amer.
Journ. Sci., Vol. XXVII. pp. 42-44 (reprinted in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 5th Ser.
Vol. XIII. pp. 147, 148), I suggested that the two forms of the male Cambarus were
alternating conditions of the same individual connected with the reproductive seasons,
and not dimorphic forms, as was commonly supposed. (See p. 12.)

1884. Mr. Ralph S. Tarr describes in Nature, Vol. XXX. pp. 127, 128, the burrows of
C. DiiHjnu'x Girard.

1884. Dr. C C. Abbott, in the American Naturalist, Vol. XVIII. pp. 1157, 1158,
takes exception to Mr. Tarr's conclusion that the mud chimneys built by C. Diogenes are
the accidental result of the excavation of the burrows.

1884. Descriptions of the new species of Cambarus found during the preparation of
this Revision, together with a synonymical list of the species of Cambarus and Astacus,
were published by me in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
Vol. XX. pp. 107-158, December, 1884.

Dr. Hagen's Monograph must ever remain the foundation for all sys-
tematic work on the North American Astacidoe. The types of all his species
are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and have been constantly
before me in the preparation of the present Revision. With far ampler
material at my disposal than fell to Dr. Hagen's lot, I have seldom had
occasion to differ from him in his conclusions concerning the species known
to him. Thirty-two species of Cambarus are described by Dr. Hagen. Of
these, eleven are described as new species ; viz. C. fttllt/.r, Lecontei, versittus,
lititcifcr, viriiis, pladdus, juvcnilis, obscunts, immunis, extntncns, and obcsus. Of
these, C. plactdus and C. juvcnilis are in my opinion only forms of the vari-
able species C. rusticus Gir. ; C. olscitms, a local variety of C. propinqmis Gir.
C, obesus is the same as C. Diogenes Gir. The remaining species included in
Hagen's memoir are C. acutiis Gir., ClarJdi Gir., troglodytes (LeC.), Blandhu/ii
(Ilarlan), sjncitllfcr (LeC.), angustatus (LeC.), mauicitlatus (LeC.), pcnicittattis
(LeC.), WifgriKinni Erichs., pcllticidus (Tellk.), affinis (Say), propinqmis Gir.,
ruslieus Gir., Bartonii (Fab.), rolustus Gir., Nclrasccnsis Gir., latiinioitis (LeC.),
jr,:r/ranns Erichs., Cubcnsls Erichs., advcna (LeC.), and Carolinus Erichs.
C. iiKi.ni<-<illns, Ncbrascensis, Mcxlcamis, and CW*W. were known to Hagen
only through the descriptions of the original authors of the species. C. acn-

f/ix Gir. 1 consider to be the Southern and Western form of C. Blini/liiir/ii
llarlan (= C. aciifttx, var. B, 1 lagcn) ; C. robudus, a variety of C. Bartonii By
some error the descriptions of C. admia and C. Carotinus are transposed in
Hagen's Monograph.

It is exceedingly difficult to discriminate between the different species
of North American Cambari, even with the help of the most careful descrip-
tions and figures, which are rarely afforded us by the older authors. It
therefore becomes a matter of the first importance to examine type speci-
mens whenever it is possible. In September, 1870, Dr. Hagen examined
the types of some of Erichson's and De Saussure's Cambari in the Berlin
Museum, and has kindly placed in my hands the notes which he took con-
cerning them. Of Erichson's types he found the following: C. pellucidus,
a male, form I. C. <fjinis, a female from Carolina, collected by Dr. Cabanis.
The locality is new. Cabanis informed Dr. Hagen that all the Cambari which
he collected were taken in a rivulet in the northern part of South Carolina,
near Greenville, at a farm called Tiger Hall. I suspect that this specimen
may be the nearly related species C. sjriiiosits Bundy. (See p. 87.) C. Bar-
tonii : " Erichson's types are a male, form II., and young female from South
Carolina, Cabanis, and, so far as I saw, both are the young of C. latimmms."
C. Gubcmis : " Three males, form I., and two females, agreeing with Erich-
son's description. It belongs probably to Group II." (See p. 51.) C. Caro-
linm : " Erichson's type, from South Carolina, Cabanis, is a male form I.,
and, so far as I saw, my C. Bartonii." Nevertheless, Erichson's description
accords well with Hagen's G. CaroUmis. (See p. 56.) The types of Erichson's
two Mexican species, C. Wicymanni and C. Mexicanus, could not be found in
the Berlin Museum by Dr. Hagen, nor at a later day by Von Martens (Arch.
f. Naturgesch., 1872).

The types of De Saussure's species, C. comobrinus from Cuba, G. Aztccus
and G. Montczumce from Mexico, were also examined by Hagen in Berlin.
When the Monograph of the North American Astacidrc was written, Hagen
had seen no specimens from Cuba or Mexico, and he fell into the error of
supposing that the peculiar species C. Monicsumcc was the same as Erich-
son's C. Mexicanus. This mistake was rectified on seeing Saussure's types.
C. cotixobrinus : " Saussure's types, two females, dry. A peculiar species, or
a young state of C. Culnisis. Rostrum bidentate." C. Astectis : Saussure's
types. The male, first form, and female, from Mexico, seem to be C. Mexi-
can us Erichs., with nearly cylindrical hands. The second form, with more

2

IQ A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

flattened hands, belongs alone, then, to Saussure's C. Aztecus. In the second
form the antennal scale is more broadly truncate at the end, and the ros-
trum is a little different. These differences are not striking enough, however,
to preclude the specific identity of the two forms.

Of the species of Cambarus described by American authors before the
date of Hagen's Monograph, but few types are extant. The oldest known
to me are Marian's, 1830, 1835 (A. Blmidingu Har., A. Bartonii Fab., A. affims
Say), preserved in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

In 1850, Professor Lewis R. Gibbes enumerated, without describing, four
species of Cambarus under the names Astacus Bartonii Fab., A. affims Say,
A. Bland'uiffii Harlan, and A. pclliicidits Tellk. Several specimens labelled by
Gibbes in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy and in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology prove that his identifications were often incorrect,
and consequently the localities given by him cannot be taken as authori-
tative. Under the name of A. Bnrtunii Gibbes appears to have confounded
three distinct species: C. Bartonii (Fab.), C. latimamts LeC., and C. rusticus
Gir. (See p. 65.) The localities South Carolina and Alabama cited by
Gibbes under A. Bartonii probably refer to C. latimamts. Gibbes's A. affinis
is the true A. affinis of Say, as is shown by a specimen in the Philadelphia
Academy's collection ; but the locality, " Florida," attributed to this species
in Gibbes's paper, undoubtedly belongs to some other species. A specimen
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, determined as A. Blandinyii by
Gibbes, is C. troglodytes (LeC.) ; and to this species Gibbes's habitat, " the
low country of South Carolina," properly appertains

Girard in his Revision of the North American AstacidaB (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1852) enumerates twenty species of Cambarus, twelve of which
are new. The diagnoses are in many cases insufficient for the identification
of the species, and it therefore becomes highly important to fix the spe-
cies through an examination of typical specimens. Two of the species in
(iinird's list, C. fossor (Raf.) and C. Oreganns (Randall), were unknown to
Girard, and remain doubtful to the present day. C. Gantlelii (types in the
Philadelphia Academy) is an Astacus. The types of most of Girard's species
were formerly in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution at Washing-
ton, whence they were transported by Dr. Stimpson to the Chicago Academy
of Science, and there consumed in the great fire of 1871. Fortunately,
before their destruction types of five of the eleven new Cambari and two

CA.MBARUS. 11

of the previously described species were examined by Dr. Hagen in the
course of the preparation of his monograph ; viz. C. Clarkii Cir., C. pr<>i>hi.-
rpius Gir., C. Hiniilaiiiix Gir., C. ntsficus Gir., C. loiyitlttft Gir., C. Bartunii (Fab.),
and C. qffinis (Say). Hagcn proved the correctness of Girard's determi-
nation of Fabricius's and Say's species. Of Girard's new species, C. iiHuifuints
appeared identical with C. Bartonii, and C. loitgulns was deemed by Hagen
to be an accidental variety of C. Bartonii. A thorough search for Girard's
types in the Smithsonian Institution made by myself in December, 1882,
discovered one more species, C. Pcalei, which proved to be large speci-
mens, male and female, of C. affinis (Say). These (and Astacus Gamb/iii
in the Philadelphia collection) are the only types of Girard's species now

existing.

There are, however, in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia eight species labelled with Girard's names (followed
in most cases by a question-mark) and the localities quoted by Girard. These
specimens may be considered of almost equal authority with type speci-
mens. They are the following: C.Peald? C.rustieus? C.wontanus? C. propin-
iptti* ? C. acutimnms ? C. Diogenes ? C. robnstus, and C. Blaiidingii. C. Pealei ?
is the same as the typical C. Pealei in the Smithsonian Institution (= C. affi-
nis). C. rustieus? and C. montanus? are identical with the types of the same
name examined by Hagen. "(7. propinquus ? Garrison's Creek, Sackett's
Harbor," is C. obesns Hag., and " C. Diogenes ? District of Columbia," is
C. propbiqnus as determined from the type examined by Hagen. That an
accidental transposition of labels has here taken place is evident from the
localities given on the labels (C. propinqtnis is not found in the District of
Columbia), and from the account of the characteristic habits and coloration
of C. Diogenes given by Girard. Through this misplacement of labels, and
through his ignorance of the peculiar habits of the " chimney crayfish,"
Hagen failed to see the identity of his own C. obesus and Girard's C. Diogenes.
C. acvAissimvLsf is the young of C. acutus; C. robmtus may be considered a
variety of C. Bartonii ; C. Bhindiiigii is not Harlan's species, but the one after-
wards described by Le Conte as A. troglodytes. There remain in Girard's list,
to be determined without the aid of types or authoritative specimens, the
following : C. acutus Gir., C. pellncidus (Tellk.), C. Carolinus Erichs., C. pmil/iis
(Raf.), C. Nebrascensi& Gir. C. piisilhis, whether it be the same as Rafinesque's
species or no, is probably a small form of C. Bartonii ; C. Nebrascensis, I think,
may be a variety of C. Diogenes.

12 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

Types of six of Le Conte's species (descril)ed in 1855) are preserved in
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia : A. troglodytes, A. spicn/lj'i ,-,
A.fossf/rum, A. angustatiis, A. laiimanus, and A. (ulmict. The Museum of Com-
parative Zoology also possesses types of A. troglodytes, A. spiculifer, A.fossn-
rum, A. laiimanus, and A. advena. A. fossarum is not separable from A. troglo-
////les. Le Conte's A. nutiiieidatns remains yet unknown. (See p. 29.)

The Tim Forms of the Mules. In every species of Cambarus, of which
many specimens have been examined, two forms of the adult male have
been found, characterized by striking differences in the conformation of the
sexual parts. In the form called the first by Dr. Hagen, the external organs
peculiar to the male are more perfectly formed than in the " second form,"
where they have somewhat the shape seen in the young male. The pecu-
liarities of each of these forms have been fully described by Hagen,* to
whose monograph the reader is referred for details. No intermediate con-
ditions between these two forms exist, and there is no fixed relation between
them and the size of the individual, males of the second form being often
larger than those of the first, or vice versa. They cannot, then, be consid-
ered developmental stages. Dr. Hagen interpreted the facts as a case of
dimorphism, and surmised that the second form males were sterile indi-
viduals ; but I have since shown that males of the first form after the breed-
ing season may revert to the second form by moulting.! The two forms
of the male Cambarus, instead of being dimorphic forms, are probably alter-
nating conditions in the life of one individual, the first form being assumed
during the pairing season, the second form during the interval between
the pairing seasons. The second form is probably impotent ; the testes are
smaller than in the first form, the vasa deferentia shorter,! but I have had
no opportunity as yet to examine their microscopic structure.

India// '/(ins of Hcrmaplirodilimi in Camhirii*. Perhaps the only recorded
case of undoubted hermaphroditism in the Decapod Crustacea is that of the
lobster (IIiniKinis t>til</<tris) described and figured by F. Nicholls in 1730. In

: Pages .'1, -n.

i Ou the Sn.r.-illod Dimorphism in the Genus Cambarus, by Walter Faxon. Amcr. Jour. Sci., Vol.
\\\ II. |>p. k'-H, January, 1884.

J Ser I la-en's Plate II.

; An \ccniiut of the llrrmaphrodilie Lobster presented to the Royal Society by Mr. Fisher, examined
and dissected, by F. NicUk Phil,,*,,,,!,. Trans. Roy. Soe. London, Vol. XXXVI. 'NO. -113, p. 290, 1730
( Abridgment, Vol. VII. Pt, III. ,,. \->\, PI. IV., 17:SJ). l',i- a S rm-ral account of limnaphrodilir. and other
anomalous conditions among Ilic (YuMaiva, set Fa\on, On Some Crustacean Deformities, Bull Mus Comp.

. \,,| vill. No. 13, 1881

CAM BAR US. 13

this specimen the right half of the body was female, the left half male, as
regards both internal and external organs.

Von Martens* has given an account of three specimens of a Cheraps with
openings in the basal segment of the third pair of legs (the position of the
sexual apertures of the normal female) co-existing with the male orifices
in the first segment of the fifth pair of legs. No ovary or duct leading to
the openings in the third pair of legs was detected ; but as the specimens
had lain in alcohol some seven years, the evidence against the existence
of any internal female organs cannot be taken as positive. Similar open-
ings were seen also in the third pair of legs of male Parastacus piUmanus and
P. Brasiliensisj

Among the vast number of Astacida) that passed through my hands in
the preparation of this memoir, I have noted four specimens, all of them
Cambari, that combine external structures of the two sexes.

The first is a specimen of C. propinquus, var. Santornii Faxon, GO milli-
meters long (M. C. Z., No. 3350). The general shape of the body with its
broad abdomen, and the form of the claw, are as in the female ; there are
no hooks on the third pair of legs ; the appendages of the first and second
abdominal somites agree with those of the female, and there is a well-
formed, though not prominent, annulus ventralis ; the external opening of
the generative system, on the contrary, is situated upon a small papilla at
the base of the fifth pair of legs, exactly as in the male sex.

The second specimen also belongs to C. jiroj'/i/'jtnts, var. Sanbornii. It is
a young specimen, only 38 millimeters in length (M. C. Z., No. 3588). The
first abdominal appendages are formed as in all young males of this species,
but the sexual apertures are situate on the basal segment of the third pair
of legs, and have the same appearance as in the normal female ; there is
also a well-formed annulus ventralis, and there are no tubercles on the third
segment of the third pair of legs. The second pair of abdominal appen-
dages are not at all transformed, but agree with the same appendages of
the normal female.

The third specimen is a C. Diogenes Girard, from New Orleans, La., 84
millimeters long (M. C. Z., No. 242). It has all the external characters of
the female, excepting the first pair of abdominal appendages, which are

* Sitzungsber. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Frouiule zu Berlin, IS Jan., 1S70.

t E. Rousseau and E. Dcsmarest (Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 2 e Serie, Tom. VI. p. 470, PL XIII., Tom.
VI. p. 4S1, 1848) have recorded cases of As/itf/m Jlaoin/ilix with two pairs of sexual orifices, one on the
third, the other on the fourth pair of legs; but in these specimens both pairs of orifices were vulva' leading
to the ovaries by a branched duct OH each side of (lie body.

14 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

curiously modified so as to resemble the same parts in the males of the
genus Astacus. The transverse suture near the base of the appendage is
obliterated ; the apical half, instead of being membranous and fringed with
set*, as in the normal female, is firm and naked, and rolled from the out-
Mik' inward so as to form on the inner side a groove which is converted into
a tube just at the tip, owing to the closeness of the coil at that point. The
whole organ is larger and thicker than in the ordinary female, although not
so large as in the male. The tip is altogether destitute of the recurved hooks
of the normal male organ in this species..

The fourth specimen belongs to C. propinquus Girard. It is 72 milli-
meters long (M. C. Z., No. 3432). It agrees with the female in every respect
except the shape of the first pair of abdominal limbs, which are partly trans-
formed into the condition which obtains in the male. The modification of
the appendages has not gone so far on the right side as on the left. In both,
the transverse suture is obliterated ; the basal half is thick and corneous,
and produced into a prominent tubercle on the inner side, as in the male.
The apical half of the right appendage retains the membranaceous and
setiferous character of the female appendage, while in the left it is more
corneous, and rolled from without inwards in such a fashion as to form an
inner and an outer part somewhat as in the male, though neither part is
in this case produced into an acute style, as in the normal male, and the
outer part retains the membranaceous setiferous tip.

These specimens are in such a bad state of preservation that a deter-
mination of the sex from the internal generative organs in several of
them is wellnigh impossible. Dissection of the first-described specimen,
with the orifices of the generative organs in the base of the last pair of legs,
as in the male, revealed many large ovarian eggs, and I little doubt that
the other three individuals are females which have assumed some of the
characters of the opposite sex.* It would be interesting to determine from
fresh specimens whether such monstrous conditions as those just described
ever denote true hermaphrodites, producing both male and female genera-
tive elements, or whether they may involve sterility. They are the more
interesting from the fact that hormaphroditism exists as a normal condition
in another highly specialized order of Crustacea, the Isopoda.f

* Boas (Vidcnsk. Sdsk. Skr. G'e Rackkc, iiaturvideusk. og Math. Afd., Bd. I. pp. 94, 1S4) says he has
a t'cuiale Tluilnxxiii/i animnilii and a I'cinaU 1 . Astttrus jluciatilis with abdominal appendages like the male,

but gives lid imrtirular-, n>mrnmi<; tin-si- s|irrinirns.

t See Bullar, Jouni. Aunt. I'liysi,,!., V,,l. XI. p. 118, 1S76; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,, 4th Ser., Vol. XIX.

p. 254, 1877; and P. Mavrr, Mittli. / ,(,!(. Station zu Neapel, Vol. I. pp. 165, 177, 1878.

CAMI'.AKUS. 15

<>f the Ymniff F/ttj/fx f ('il>ta-us. The young Cambarus, like
tbe young Astacus, when it leaves the egg is devoid of appendages on the
first and sixth abdominal somites. The telson is not divided by a trans-
verse suture. I have examined specimens of C. msticm when but four milli-
meters in length, evidently just released from the egg. They have much
the same appearance as the embryo of Astacus fluviatilis just before hatching,
as figured by Rathke.* The cephalothorax is very large in proportion to the
abdomen, and spherical ; the rostrum is bent down between the eyes ; the
antennae are laid back closely upon the breast. All of the appendages are
soft, weak, and flexed beneath the sternum. There is no vestige of a gill on
the last thoracic somite any more than in the adult Cambarus. The telson
is a thick oval plate, entirely destitute of marginal setae, such as are seen
fringing the telson in recently hatched young of Astacus figured by Huxley
on page 220 of " The Crayfish " ; agreeing in this respect with the telson
of the embryo of Astacus as shown in Plate II. fig. 25, of Rathke's memoir.
I have no doubt that the newly hatched young of Astacns figured by Huxley
has undergone one ecdysis since leaving the egg, whereby the embryonic
cuticle has been discarded.

Young specimens of C. ClarJcii, seven millimeters long, taken from under
the abdomen of the parent, have acquired the general form of the adult.
The swimmerets, or posterior abdominal appendages, are well developed,
while in the European Astacus pallipcs, ten days old and eleven millimeters
in length, these appendages are enclosed within the notched telson, from
which they are set free after the second or third moult, judging from speci-
mens received from the College de France. Specimens of C. gracilis, nine
millimeters long, and C. Bmioiiii, ten millimeters long, still under the pro-
tection of the parent, have the swimmerets perfectly expanded, and even
show the transverse suture of the telson. It seems probable, from a com-
parison of these Cambari with the young of European Astaci, that the devel-
opment of the former goes on more rapidly after leaving the egg than that
of the latter.

It is interesting to observe that in the young C. ClarJcii above mentioned
the areola is moderately wide in the middle, where it is reduced to a line in
the adult ; the lateral spines of the rostrum are well developed, the acumen
long and acute. In all the recently hatched Cambari which I have seen, the
legs and claws are long and slender compared with the adult.

* Untersuclmngen iiber die Bildung uud Eutwickt-lung des Flusskrebses, Tab. I. fig. 15, Tab. II. fig. 25.

1C A REVISION OF THE ASTAClim

It has been noted already that in the young stages of Cambarus and Asta-
cus the first abdominal appendages are wanting, and the telson is not divided
by a transverse suture. In these respects the young stages agree with the
adult condition of the Parastacinse. On this account, and on account of
the more generalized arrangement of the gills in the Parastacinas,* it would
seem that the Potamobiinse are a more specialized type than the Parastacinse.
Further, among the Potamobiine crayfishes the genus Cambarus will hold the
highest place bj- reason of the complete suppression of the pleurobranehiae
and the high degree of specialization exhibited in the first abdominal appen-
dages and hooked thoracic legs of the males and the annulus ventralis of the
female. In the abnormal female of Cambarus Dior/enes, noticed on page 13, it
is clearly demonstrated that an organ essentially like the first abdominal
appendage of Astacus is the first step in the transformation of the common
type of abdominal limb into the male appendage of Cambarus. The three
species of Cambaroides (p. 126) form a passage from Cambarus to Astacus
proper.

Division of the Species of Cambarus into Subordinate Groups. Girard divided
the Cambari into three groups, based upon the form of the rostrum and the
anterior pair of abdominal legs in the male. Dr. Hagen also concluded that
the genus comprehended three well-defined groups, but he based his division
of the genus upon the number of hooked thoracic legs in the male, taken
in connection with the shape of the rostrum (whether toothed or toothless).
It follows that the groups of these authors do not exactly coincide ; e. g.
C. pcllucitliis falls into the same assemblage of species with C. affinis, C. rttxfi-
t'l/x, etc., in Girard \s system, whereas by Hagen's mode of division it is asso-
ciated with C. Blandingii and allied species. It seems to me that we get a
more natural grouping of the species by taking the number of hooked tho-
racic legs in connection with the structure of the first pair of abdominal
appendages of the male as the basis for the division of the genus, without
rell'rcnce to the form of the rostrum. Any division based wholly or in part
upon the presence or absence of lateral rostral spines will divorce species
which in the totality of their organization are most closely related. If it be
ur-cd against this mode of division that it implies a knowledge of the pecu-
liarities of one sox, I reply that the same objection applies to the groups of
Girard and Hagen, which arc based in part upon characters found only in

'" :i " ''"' Parastaeina except ,/s/v, .//>/,<* jy,/,/,/ // ,/,v, V ovV//.v/.v, there are four plcurobraucliitc developed,

:i'l I!"' "li'ilr number of ^ills is hvrnlv or twrnh -one

CAMBARUS. 17

the male. If the reader is unable to determine the group to which the speci-
mens in his hands belong, through the lack of males, the fault lies, as Dr.
llagen observes, not in the principle of classification, but in the scantiness of
his material. A species involves two sexes ; and until the species is known, it
avails little to attempt the determination of a specimen in this difficult genus.
In accordance with the above principle of division, the genus Cambarus
falls into five subordinate groups, viz. : -

I. Third segment of third and fourth pairs of legs of male hooked. First
pair of abdominal appendages of male with outer part truncate at the tip,
with one to three recurved teeth ; inner part terminated by a short acute
spine, which is generally directed outwards. Type, C. Blandingii.

II. Third segment of third pair of legs of male hooked. First pair of
abdominal appendages of male as in Group I. Type, C. adeem/.

III. Third segment of third pair of legs of male hooked. First pair of
abdominal appendages of the male thick, terminated by two recurved teeth,
the larger of which is formed by the tip of the outer part of the appendage,
the smaller by the inner part. Type, C. Bartonli.

IV. Third segment of third pair of legs of male hooked. First abdomi-
nal appendages of male terminating in two elongated, nearly straight, acute
tips. Type, C. affinls.

V. Third segment of second and third pairs of legs of male hooked.
Type, C. Montezumw.

GROUP I. (TYPE, C. Blandingii.)

Third segment of tttird and fourth pairs of legs of male hooked. First pair of
abdominal appendages of male with outer part truncate at the tip, and fnriii^Ju'd
u'illt one to three tonal I recurred fee///. ; inner part terminated ly a short acute spine,
ichich is generally directed outwards.

In this group the rostrum is generally triangular, with a small tooth on
each side, near the apex ; in C. Lecontci, C. spiculifer, C. versutus, and C. pubes-
cens, the lateral teeth are more strongly developed. The chelce are slender
and covered with flattened, squamous tubercles, ciliated in front. The male
appendages are tipped with two or three small curved teeth (corneous in the
first form), and armed on the inside with a sharp spine directed obliquely or
horizontally outwards. The terminal teeth are very minute in C.fallax.

3

18 A HE VISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

The section of the carapace behind the cervical groove is more than half
as long as the distance from the cervical groove to the tip of the rostrum, as
in C. Bhiiilingii, etc., or much less than half this distance, as in C. vcrsutus, etc.
In C. xpiculifer, C. vcrsutus, and C. pulescens, the areola is broad, as in the genus
Astacns. In the majority of the species of Cambarus the areola is narrow, or
even obliterated by the close approximation of the branchio-cardiac lines in
the median line of the back, as in C. Diogenes, C. Ctarkii, etc. The narrow-
ing of the areola involves an increase in height of the branchial chambers,
for the so-called branchio-cardiac lines which form the lateral boundaries of
the areola denote the upper limit of the branchial chamber where the lining
membrane of the carapace is continued into the lateral wall of the thorax.
This increase in the height of the branchial chamber which generally obtains
in the genus Cambarus may perhaps be explained as a means to allow an
increase in the length of the branching in compensation for the diminution
in number. The broad areola which accompanies the more generalized gill
formula of Astacus may be considered the more primitive form. In accord-
ance with this view, it appears that in species of Cambarus with very narrow
or linear areola, as C. Clarldi, the very young stages of growth display an
appreciably wider areola.

The antenna! scale in the species of Cambarus belonging to the first
group is commonly broadest toward the base or at the middle.

The most aberrant species of the group are C. pcnicillatus, C. Alleni, and
C. pcllitcidus. In C. penicilMus and C. Alleni the rostrum is devoid of lateral
teeth, the spine that terminates the inner part of the first abdominal appen-
dages of the male is long and erect, the terminal teeth minute. In C. pcui-
cHlultis the antennal lamina is short, and broad toward the tip. The blind
C. pdhiciilns, from the caves of Kentucky and Indiana, is the most peculiar
species of the group. The sides of the rostrum are sub-parallel from the
base to the lateral spines, the acumen long; the antennal scales are broadest
at the distal end ; the portion of the carapace which lies in front of the cer-
vical groove is very short compared with the hinder section. The first pair
of abdominal appendages of the male are hardly specialized to a greater de-
gree than in the genus Astacus, the tips of the organs being simply produced
into two small processes, the one representing the spine that terminates the
inner part of the appendage in the more normal species of the group, the
other the teeth of the outer part, In the first form of the male the latter
process is corneous. The appendage, as a whole, is more closely rolled than

<'AMi;.vi;rs. 19

in the genus Astacus, and in its general form agrees with the corresponding
limb in the other Cambari. Remarks on the relations of this interesting
species will be found on page 42.

I am disposed to regard the Cambari of this group as, on the whole, the
lowest forms in the genus. The slight degree of specialization of the exter-
nal male appendages, the tendency toward an oval, astacoicl form of body,
the slender claws and generally toothed rostrum, all point to this. That
the stout-clawed species with toothless rostrum are derived from forms with
slender cheke and toothed rostra seems probable from the fact that the latter
characters are commonly found in very young individuals of all species.

This group corresponds exactly with Group I. of Hagen's Monograph.

,. e ,, . C Epistoma rounded iu front: C. Blcindiiwii, C.

Section of the carapace behind ccrvi- ) IT...- / ///,.*

l i / ~\ o\ "S fJif'/i-i O 1 . /{frt'f.l . '

cal groove long (see p. 18). ^ Epistoma truncate : C. Clarkii, C. troglodytes.

Rostrum toothed. J rf carapace sllort C Areola narrow^ Z^ ^^ ^

( tutus, C. pubescens.

Eyes atrophied : C. pellucidus.

> *

Rostrum toothless. C. Wiegmanni, C. penicillatus, C. Alleni.

1. Cambarus Blandingii.

Plate VII. figs. 9, 3, 2', 2 a, 2 a (first abdominal appendages of male).

Astuciis Bluiiilingii, HARLAN, Trans. Ainer. Philosoph. Soc., III. 464, 1830. Medical and Physical Re-
searches, p. 229, fig. 1, 1835.

Axfni-ii.1 Bldiiiliiif/ii, MILNE EDWARDS, Histoiro Naturelle des Crustaces, II. 332, 1837. (After Harlan.)

Antficits Bluiiiliiif/ii, DE KAY, Zoology of New York, Part VI. Crustacea, p. 23, 1844. (After Harlan.)

Astacus (Cambarus) Blandingii, ERICHSON, Arch. f. Naturgescli., Jalirg. XII., I. 98, 1846. (After Harlau.)

? Astacus lilinii/inr/ii, LE COSTS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila , VII. 400, 1855.

Cambarus JUmiilingii, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool, No. III., 43, PI. I. figs. 63, 64, PL III. fig. 140,
1870.

Cambarus uctitus, var. B, HAGEN, op. cit., p. 36, PI. III. fig. 144, 1870.

Ciiiiilidi-itx ncn/tis, ABBOTT, Ainer. Naturalist, VII. SO, 1873. (Habits.)

Cautbants actitus (in part), SMITH, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 637, 1874.
(After Hagen and Alil><>it. Xo description.)

Cambarus BlaiuUiigii, FAXOS, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 135, 1884.

Known Localities.^ New York. New Jersey: Essex Co.; Delaware River
and tributaries, near Trenton. Maryland : Baltimore Co. (Coll. P. R Uhler) ;

* In some specimens of C. falhix the hinder section of the carapace is a little less than one half the
distance from the cervical groove to the tip of the rostrum. C. iiiiiiiiciilnftts (LrC.) is omitted from the
above tahle, as I have seen no specimens answering to the description of Le Conte.

f Localities for which no authority is given in parentheses are represented in the collection of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology.

20 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

Caroline Co. (Coll. P. R.Uhler); Dorchester Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); St. Mary's
Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Somerset Co.; Wicomico Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Wor-
cester Co. Virginia : James River (Coll. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Luneuburg
(Coll. L. A. Lee). North Carolina: Tarboro (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); tributa-
ries of Neuse River, Goldsboro (P. R. Uhler); Kinston ; Beaufort; Salmon
Creek (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Wilmington (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). South Caro-
lina : Camden (Coll. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Saluda River (Coll. Butler Univ.) ;
Columbia. Georgia : Richmond Co.

VAE. acuta.

Ciiuiliiinm tiriiltis, GIRARD, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VI. 91, 1852.

Camliiii-iix iicti/ixxiiiius, GlRARD, lor. <//., 1852.

Cambarw atuitas, HAGEN, 111 Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III., 35, PI. I. figs. 1-5, PI. II. figs. 10(5, 108, 110-

114, 116, US, 120-121, 126, 127, PI. III. fig. 143, 1870.

Cawlnfii* acuius, var. A, HAGEN, op. cil ., p. 3(5, PI. II. figs. 107, 109, 115, 117, 119, 125, 1870.
Ciin/liitritx in-ill HX (in part), SMITH, llcp. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 637, 1874.

(Al'U-r Hagcn. No description.)

( 'ambarus ucu/ux, FORBES, Bull. 111. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I, 3, IS, 1S76.
CatuLiifH* aculiis, BUNDY, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 180, 1SS2. Gcol. Wis., Surv. 1873-79, I. 402, 1883.

(No description.)
1'iinilnifns Bluudiiiyii, var. acuta, FAXON, Proc. Aincr. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 130. 1881.

Known Localities. Louisiana: New Orleans; Amite City, Tangipahoa
River (Coll. U. S. Nat, Mus.) ; Tickfaw (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Mississippi :
near Vicksburg ; Kemper Co., tributary of Tombigbee River (Coll. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila.). Alabama : Mobile ; Blount Spring, Blount Co. (Coll. U. S.
Nat. Mus.) ; Cullman, Cullman Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Decatur, Morgan
Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Bridgeport, Jackson Co., in pond formed by over-
flow of Tennessee River. South Carolina : Beaufort (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila.); Charleston. Tennessee: Memphis (Coll. 0. P. Hay). Missouri: St.
Louis. Illinois : Athens, Menard Co. (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.) ; Decatur,
Macon Co. ; Pekin, Tazewell Co. (S. A. Forbes) ; Normal, McLean Co. (Pea-
boily Aead. Sci.); Oquawka, Henderson Co. (Coll. 0. P. Hay); Peoria, Peoria
Co. ; Lawn Ridge,* Marshall Co. ; Evanston, Cook Co. Indiana : Wheatland,
Knox Co. Iowa: West Liberty ; Dubuque (Peabody Acad. Sci.). Wisconsin:
Racine (W. F. Bunrly); Sank City (W. R Bundy).

Harlan's type is still preserved in the collection of the Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences of Philadelphia., and has been well described by Hagen. It came

The localities " l'.;iss, m liidgr" ami "]iasM, Pudge," given by Hagcii (pp. 37, 39, 97, 102), are false
readings of Ihc .Ms. hbrl "Lawn Ridge."

CAMBAKUS. 21

from Camden, a town near the Watcroc River, Kershaw Co., S. C. Com-
pared with Girard's C. acuftis, from farther south, the rostrum is longer, with
longer acumen ; carapace smoother, although granulated on the branchial
regions ; lateral thoracic spine prominent ; antennal scale longer and much
narrower ; hand longer, more cylindrical, the squamous tubercles not tend-
ing to form a definite line of teeth on the inner margin, as in C. acu/us.
Ilarlan says, "All the crawfish which I have seen from the Southern States
(and I have received specimens from New Orleans and South Carolina) are
of the same species with that now described." It is probable that he
included in this species not only C. acutus, but also other allied species, as

C. 1royh(.l>/tcs, &c.

Among specimens collected for the U. S. National Museum by Col. M. M.
McDonald in the neighborhood of Columbia, S. C., (a city thirty-two miles
southwest of Camden, in the same river basin,) are several which nearly
resemble Harlan's type. They are younger, and the males are all of the
second form, with small chelae. The antennal scale is somewhat broader
than in Harlan's specimen. Lateral thoracic spine well developed. The
largest male is 3j inches in length, chelipeds 2| inches.

In the collection of Butler University, Irvington, Ind., there is a first
form male of the same species from the Saluda River, S. C., collected by Prof.

D. S. Jordan. The Saluda River unites with the Broad River at Columbia
to form the Congaree. The chelipeds have been lost. The antennal scale
is somewhat broader than in Harlan's type, but in other respects, including
the form of the anterior abdominal appendages, it agrees with it. Length,
3 inches.

In specimens from the low country of North Carolina, Maryland, and New
Jersey, the rostrum narrows nearer the base, and the hand is closely set
with ciliate squamous tubercles. In some individuals from North Carolina
the cardiac region of the carapace is shorter in proportion to the anterior
portion than in the ordinary form (less than one half the distance from tip of
rostrum to the cervical groove).

Cambarus acutus of Girard, from the South and West, is a larger form,
with quite a differently shaped hand and rostrum and a shorter abdomen ;
but after a careful study of a very large number of specimens from the
Atlantic and Gulf States and the Mississippi Valley, I am inclined to con-
sider them forms or varieties of one species. The male sexual appendages

* Trans. Amer. Pliilosopli. Sac., III. 465.

22 A KEVISION OF THE ASTACID./E.

are the same in all essential regards, and specimens intermediate in the form
of the hands, rostrum, and antennal scale are frequently met with.

Two dry male specimens in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia, from Kemper Co., Miss., labelled " G. acntissimiis ? " are
probably types of the species described under that name by Girard. They
appear to be young specimens of C. acutus.

The specimens of C. Blandingii, var. ucuta, received from the Western
States differ somewhat from those of the Southern States, as pointed out
by Hagen on page 36 of the Monograph of the North American Astacidse.
They form a sub-variety designated by the letter A.

Dr. Hagen considers Le Conte's A. Blandingii to be his C. Lecontei. No
type of Le Conte's species is known, but the description and habitat (middle
regions of Georgia and Carolina) fit Blandingii better than Lecontei.

Gibbes and Girard seem to have confounded this species with C. troglo-
dytes. There is a specimen of G. troglodytes in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, sent by Gibbes with the label " Astacus Bkndingi Had.," and the
localities given by him,* viz. " the low country of South Carolina," and by
Girard, viz. " Summerville, S. C.," refer to G. troglodytes.

From Montgomery, Ala., comes a form which agrees with G. Blandingii in
all respects except the male sexual appendages, which approach those of
G. Lecontei in the curvature of the two anterior apical teeth. The posterior
apical tooth is straight, as in G. Blandingii. In many of the larger specimens
there are three spines on each side of the telson. This may perhaps prove
to be a distinct species.

Two female specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, from
Dallas, Texas, agree well with G. Blandlngii, but it is difficult to determine
them positively in the absence of male specimens. They were collected by
J. Boll, and are labelled " Burrowing Crabs."

In specimens of var. aciifa, subvar. A, from the West, that have not lain
long in alcohol, the rostrum is red (in some specimens only a pair of red
blotches at the base), and there appears a good deal of red color on the
dorsal side of the abdominal segments and the basal segment of the telson
and Mummm-ls. Living specimens of C. Blandingii collected by me near
Trenton, N. J., arc of a dull greenish brown, whitish beneath and on the
lower part of the carapace, with a dark-greenish longitudinal stripe on each

(in tlu- <Vrii,ol,,Lr, r al (VII,,. li,,ns ,,f the Cabiliets of Xulunil History in the United States. Proc

\ \,l. ,, , ,, iii?--jui. 1850.

CAMBAKUS. 23

branchial region, half-way between the areola and the lower border, and
a whitish longitudinal band on each side of the abdominal somites, these
bands not reaching to the hind border of the somites. The tubercles of the
chelte are black, and there are dark spots on the margin of the rostrum.

Dr. Abbott* states that in Trenton, N. J., this species frequents " running
streams which have masses of vegetation growing in them, the animal in
question resting upon the plants, usually near the surface of the water. We
have found since our collecting excursions, on carefully approaching clear
running streams, such as just mentioned, that this crawfish is to be seen
resting on the plants, always with the head directed above stream. If dis-
turbed, they would dart backwards clown to the roots, apparently, of the
plant upon which they were sitting. After a lapse of about ten minutes,
they would return to their former resting-place, creeping up the plant
down which they had so suddenly darted tail foremost."

Mr. P. R. Uhler, in his studies on the distribution of the crayfishes of
Maryland, finds that this species belongs to the lowlands at the mouth of
sluggish rivers, or near the ocean in muddy and grassy ditches and drains,
and even in salt water, in company with C. Uhlcri. In his collection are
specimens from near Ocean City, Worcester Co., Md., found in a ditch in
holes six to nine inches deep. At Goldsborough, N. C., the same gentleman
found it abundant in drains and branches running through cotton fields,
tributaries of the Neuse River.

C. Blandinyii, var. acntu, attains a very large size. The largest I have
seen, a male of the first form, is 5| in. in length. The cheliped is 6| in., the
chela 3| in. This specimen is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

2. Cambarus fallax.

Plate II. fig. 4.

Cambarus fallax, HAGEX, 111. Cat. Mus Comp. Zool, No. III. p. 45, PI. I. figs. 103-105, 1870.
Cambarus fallax, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 136, 18S4.

Known Localities. Florida : St. John's River at Jacksonville, Orange Bluff,
Hawkinsville, Horse Landing, Blue Spring (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.), and
Lake Jessup (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Magnolia (Coll. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.) ;
Indian River (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Yale Coll.); Titusville, Brevard Co.
(Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

* Amer. Naturalist, VII. 80.

24 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIim

The four type specimens, collected by Dr. H. Bryant, are 1 $ form I.,
2 <J form II., 1 ?. The measurements given by Hagen are those of the
largest specimen, $ form II. This is the largest specimen I have seen.
C. fallax is very near C. Blandingii, which it seems to replace in the State
of Florida. It is easily distinguished from the latter species by the male
appendages, which are curved backwards at the end, and armed with only
minute teeth at the tip. The distal margin of the proximal segment of the
telson is armed on each side with three or four spines. In a few specimens
from Hawkinsville, St. John's Eiver, Fla., the acumen of the rostrum is
lengthened, the lateral spines of the rostrum are stronger, and the portion
of the carapace behind the cervical suture is shortened. The specimens
thus approach C. Lecontn. The shortening of the posterior part of the
carapace is not so great as in C. Lccontei, the areola is narrower, and the
male appendages do not differ from those of the typical C.fallax. In the
ordinary form of C. fallax the distance from the tip of the rostrum to the cer-
vical groove is twice the distance from the cervical groove to the hind border
of the carapace. In the abnormal specimens just noticed the anterior dis-
tance is two and one third times that of the posterior ; in C. Lecontn it is
two and one half times. In many specimens, contrary to Hagen's descrip-
tion, the antenna? are much longer than the body, and in well-developed
males of the first form the chelae are inflated and cylindrical. Specimens
of this species, now in the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science,
Salem, were collected by C. J. Maynard, in Blue Spring, St. John's River,
a mineral spring impregnated with sulphur and magnesia, temperature
70 Fahr. They were clinging to the under side of leaves.

3. Cambartis Hayi.

Plate I. fig. 4, Plate VII. flgs. 3, 3', 3a, 3a'.

Can/tarns ILn/i, FAXON, Proc. Anicr. Aead. Arts and Sci., XX. 108, 18S4.

Male, form I. Eostrum broad, triangular, excavated, sparsely pubescent
above; acumen short, lateral spines moderate. Carapace punctate above,
granulated on the sides, the granules ciliate. Lateral spines slightly devel-
'>]><'! in fully-grown individuals, more prominent in the young. Areola
Abdomen broad, shorter than the cephalo-thorax. Pleural angles
roundel. I'mxmml segment of telson with two spines on each side of the
distal border. Hind margin of telson slightly concave. Anterior process

CAMBARUS 25

of cpistoma broadly triangular. Antenna; shorter than the body. Antennal
scale a little shorter than the peduncle, equal to the rostrum, broad, broadest
at the middle. Chelipeds slender, chela long, inner and outer margins par-
allel, squamoso-tuberculate, tubercles ciliate, those along the inner margin of
the hand blunt spiniform. Fingers longer than the hand. Opposed margins
of fingers ciliate, with one or two small spinous teeth. Carpus long triangu-
lar, smooth without, tuberculate and. spinous within. Meros with scattered
impressed dots without, tuberculate on the upper margin ; one or two spines
at the anterior end of upper margin, two rows of spines beneath. Third and
fourth pairs of legs hooked on third segment. Anterior abdominal legs of
moderate length, deeply excavated on the outer side near the tip ; a beard-
like tuft of cilia from the protuberance behind the excavation ; the tip bears
three flattened horny teeth ; inner part ciliate, with a long spine directed
outwards and forwards.

The second form of the male has shorter chelipeds, smaller hooks on the
second and third pairs of legs, the terminal teeth of the first pair of ab-
dominal legs smaller and not corneous.

In the female the chelipeds are short, the chelse broad. Sternum bitu-
berculate between the fourth pair of legs. Annulus ventralis umbilicoid,
with a tubercle in the median depression.

Length, 100 mm. Rostrum, 15 mm. ; acumen, 3 mm. Length of cara-
pace, 51 mm. From cervical groove to posterior margin of carapace, 18.5
mm. Abdomen, 50 mm. Width of areola, 1.5 mm. Chelipeds, 92 mm.
Chela, 43 mm.

Known Localities. Mississippi : Macon, Artesia.

Closely related to Cambarus Blanding'd, but easily distinguished by the
first pair of abdominal legs of the male, which are characteristic even in very
small specimens. Over a dozen specimens of this species (including males
of the first form, males of the second form with first pair of abdominal
appendages articulated near the base, and unarticulated, and females) were
collected by Prof. 0. P. Hay in Eastern Mississippi. One lot has a particular
locality specified, Macon. Macon is situated on the Noxubee, an affluent
of the Tombigbee River. Another lot was collected at Artesia, a town about
twenty miles north of Macon.

26 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

4. Cambarus Clarkii.

Cambarus Clarkii, GIRAKD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., VI. 91, 1852.

Cambarus Clarkii, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 39, PI. I. figs. 7-10, 99, 100, PI. II. figs.

13:i, 134, PI. III. fig. 142, PI. IV. (this figure is copied ou a reduced scale iu Huxley's " Crayfish,"

p. 248, 1880), 1870.
Cambarus Clarkii, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 136, 1SS4.

Known Localities. Texas : between San Antonio and El Paso del Norte
(Girard); San Antonio; Clear Creek, Waller Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Louisiana: New Orleans; Tangipahoa River (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Mis-
sissippi: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Alabama:
Mobile. Florida: Pensacola (Coll. U. S, Nat. Mus.) ; three miles below Horse
Landing, St. John's River. Ohio: Olmsted [?].

Girard's specimens were collected between San Antonio, Texas, and El
Paso del Norte, by John H. Clark, of the U. S. Mexican Boundary Commis-
sion. The original description of the species is hardly sufficient for determi-
nation, but fortunately Dr. Hagen was able to identify the species by an
examination of Girard's types, which were probably lost in the great fire
at Chicago, whither the}' were sent to Dr. Stimpson. A full description
of C. ClurJcii is given on page 39 of Hagen's Monograph.

In specimens collected by Edward Palmer at San Antonio, Texas, the
carapace is smoother than in the form commonly received from New Orleans
and Mobile, with more prominent lateral and postorbital spines. The ros-
trum tapers much less than in the form from farther east, the sides being-
more nearly parallel. The areola, moreover, is not entirely obliterated in
the middle, but forms a linear area about as wide as in C. troglodytes. The
male sexual appendages do not differ from those of the Louisiana speci-
mens. This is probably the form described by Girard.

In this connection it is interesting to note that in young individuals of
this species eight millimeters long, taken from beneath the abdomen of a
((male from New Orleans, the areola is proportionally even wider than in the
San Antonio specimens.

In a male, form II., GO mm. long, collected by J. A. Allen in St. John's
I liver, Fla., the areola is like that described in the San Antonio specimens,
ami the distal margin of the proximal segment of the telson is armed with
three or four spines on each side. The carapace is smooth.

A female specimen, 92 mm. long, in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia (No. C54), from the Smithsonian Institution, without locality,

CA.MI'.ARUS. 27

differs in some respects from any other seen by me. The granules of the
carapace are larger, the gastric area more heavily punctate, the rostrum is
longer (14 mm., the whole carapace being 48 mm., while in New Orleans
specimens the rostrum is only one fourth the length of the carapace), with
longer acumen and lateral spines, and narrower at the base, than in New
Orleans specimens, with less converging sides ; the arm is more conspicu-
ously tuberculated along its upper edge. The lateral thoracic spines are
prominent, as in the San Antonio form. The areola is obliterated in the
middle, as in specimens from Louisiana and Alabama.

A dry cephalothorax.of a female in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
(No. 3337), referred to C troylodytes by Hagen (pp. 42, 43), seems to belong
to C. Clarkii. As dry specimens are easily transposed, and this is the only
specimen recorded from the North, I believe the locality to be erroneous.

C. Qlurkii is the species commonly on sale in the New Orleans market.

5. Cambarus troglodytes.

As/ants troqhclytes, LE CONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VII. 400, 1855.

Astaciis fossar/iHi, LE CONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Plula., VII. 401, 1S55.

Cambants Inylodi/tes, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 41, PI. I. figs. 11-14, PI. II. fig. 141,

1870.

Cambarus troglodytes, FOUBES, Bull. 111. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. pp. 4, 18, 1876. (After Hageu.)
troglodytes, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 136, 1884.

Knou'ii Localities. Lower Georgia ; Richmond Co., Ga. South Carolina :
Charleston; Oakley (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Columbia (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Illinois: Lawn Ridge, Marshall Co. [?].

This species resembles C. Clarkii very closely, but is readily distinguished
by the first pair of abdominal legs of the male, and by the rostrum, which
is nearly plane above, with very slight marginal teeth (often obsolete), and
shorter acumen. The areola is very narrow, but not obliterated, in the
middle.

Two of Le Conte's types (both males, form I.) are extant, one in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, and one in the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. In each of these museums there is also a small
female type of C. fossarwn of Le Conte, which does not differ essentially
from C. troglodytes of the same author. It is difficult to see why Le
Conte separated the two, unless on the ground of a difference in color
during life.

28 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

Both Girard and Gibbes (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 3d Meeting)
appear to have confounded this species with C. Blandingii Harlan. A female
C. troglodytes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, from South Carolina,
is labelled "Astuciiy Blandingi Harl." by Professor Gibbes. The localities for
G. Blandingii (Summerville, S. C., and low country of South Carolina) given
by these authors undoubtedly appertain to C. troglodytes.

Slight differences between specimens from Georgia and Charleston, S. C.,
are pointed out by Hagen (pp. 42, 43). In one of the Georgia specimens the
telson is quadrispinose. In specimens from near Columbia, S. C., the basal
segment of the telson is bispinose on each side.

The rostrum is sometimes slightly carinated near the tip.

I doubt the accuracy of the locality label of the specimen of this species
in the Museum of Comparative ZoiJlogy numbered 197. It was taken from
a jar containing C. Diogenes from Lawn Ridge, 111. No other specimens have
been reported from the West.

The specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (No. 3337) labelled
Rocky River, Olmsted, Ohio, determined as C. troglodytes by Hagen (p. 43),
seems to be C. Clarldi (see p. 27).

According to colored drawings of this species made from living specimens
by J. Burkhardt at Charleston, in 1853, the body is brownish red, the tuber-
cles on the chela; bright red, legs red below.

Dr. Le Conte states that in Lower Georgia this species is found in the rice-
fields, where it makes holes four inches deep, and in ditches (A.fossantm).

Specimens from Richmond Co., neighborhood of Augusta, Ga., received
recently from Col. Charles C. Jones, Jr. (Cat. No. 3550), are noteworthy in
that the male appendages, especially of the second form, approach closely
in their form those of C. Clarkii. In the shape of the rostrum and other
respects these specimens agree with C. troglodytes. The telson is trispinose
on each side. In the light of these specimens, I am inclined to suspect
that further explorations will break down the specific distinctions between
C. tr<iltl<jtcs and C. Clarkti. But my material does not represent a wide
enough geographical range to warrant a definite opinion.

CAMBARUS. 29

6. Cambarus maniculatus.

maniculatus, LE CONTE, Proc. Aead. Nat,. Sci. Pliila., VII. 401, 1S55.
niiiiiii-ii/iih's, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Gump. Zool., No. III. p. 52, 1870. (After Le Conte.)
iii,rni?itLihix, FAXON, Proc. Aincr. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 137, 1SS4. (After Lc Conte. No
description.)

This species is known only from the description of Le Conte, which is
quoted in full on page 52 of Hagen's Monograph. The description was
perhaps drawn up from an immature specimen of C. troglodytes. The num-
ber of hooked thoracic legs in the male is not specified in Le Conte's descrip-
tion, but the species is probably one of the C. Blandingii group, since it is
placed among the species of that group in Le Conte's list.

7. Cambarus Lecontei.

Plate II. Kg. 9.

Cambarus Lecontei, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 47, PL I. figs. 15-18, PL III. fig. 145,

1870.
Cambarus Lfcoiifei, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 137, 18S4.

Known Localities. Alabama : Mobile. Georgia : Athens.

Resembles C. Blandinc/ii and C. fallax, but is easily distinguished from
these by the shortness of the portion of the carapace behind the cervical
groove, the greater length of the acumen of the rostrum, antennal scale, and
chela?, and the shape of the male sexual appendages. The areola is some-
what wider. The rostrum is deeply excavated above, the sides converging
but slightly up to the lateral teeth, which are separated by more than one
half of the width of the base of the rostrum. The proximal segment of the
telson is armed on each side of its distal margin with three or four teeth.

The proportions may be seen from the following measurements of a male,
form I. : Length of body, 86 mm. ; of carapace, 43 mm. ; of abdomen, 48 mm.
From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 31 mm. ; from cervical groove to
posterior border of carapace, 12 mm. Length of rostrum, 14 mm. ; of acu-
men, 5 mm. Breadth of rostrum at base, 7 mm. ; at lateral spines, 4 mm.
Breadth of areola, 2^- mm. Length of chela, 40 mm. ; breadth, 8 mm.

Smaller specimens are more characteristic on account of a greater propor-
tional breadth of the areola and shortness of posterior portion of the carapace.
In a male, form II., 65 mm. in length, the length of the carapace from the
tip of rostrum to cervical groove is 24 mm. ; from cervical groove to poste-
rior border of carapace, 8.5 mm. Breadth of areola, 2 mm.

30 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

The types of C. Lecontd came from Mobile, Ala. The specimens from
other localities assigned to this species by Hagen, on page 48 of his Mono-
graph, certainly do not belong here. The specimens from Beaufort, N. C.,
and Root Pond, Miss., are C. ElamTnujii. The female from Milledgevflle, Ga.
(No. 240) ill agrees with the types, on account of the shortness of the acu-
men of the rostrum (the rostrum being like that of C. Blandiw/il), the short
and broad antennal scales, breadth of the hand, etc. Of the three young
specimens, one is C. spiculifer, the others are too small to be determined
with any certainty. The three specimens from Pensacola, Fla. (No. 249)
are young (one female, two males), and resemble C. Lecontd only in the short-
ness of the posterior portion of the carapace and the width of the areola ; in
other respects, they are like the smooth form of C. Blaiidinyii, var. w-ula.
There is no lateral spine on the carapace, and the telson is bispinose.

Besides the Mobile types, I have found but one other specimen of this
species in the Museum, a young female in a jar with C. spiculifer (Cat. No.
172), from Athens, Ga.

8. Cambarus angustatus.

ttitf/initii/us, LE CONTE, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VII. 401, 1855.

* angttitatws, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zoiil., No. 111. p. 50, PL I. figs. 65-67, PI. III. fig. 146,

1870.

x iiiiiji/xtatiis, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 137, 1884.

Locality. Lower Georgia.

This species is known only through a dry type specimen in the Museum
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Le Conte's description
of the species is as follows :

"A. imi/nxhitus. Rostrum concavum, valde acuminatum, ntrinque versus
apieem fortiter et acute unidenticulatum. Lamina antennalis pedunculum
antermalem ajquans. Cephalothorax punctatus, parcius ad latera, acleo ut
vix paueis punctis notatur, linea ordinaria apice spina armata. Thorax totus
pmie.talus, parcius ad latera, tubcrculis vel granulis nullis. Areola suturalis
lata. Dorsum sicut in pvioribus [i. e. glabrum scriebus parvis punctorum
transversalium]. Chela parva, angusta, subcylindrica, punctata, sine tuber-
culis aut granulis, excepto margine interiore qui paucis denticulus incon-
-|iicuis instructus est, digiti recti punctati carinati. Carpus glaber, punctis
trilms vcl quatuor. Brachium glabrum, spinulis paucis latere superiore : infe-
r'mre scriebus duabiis spinarum, (|uaruin diuv anteriores majores et longiores.
:c lamella intermedia utrinque trispinosa.

CAMl'.AI.TS. 31

"Long. 1.95. Cephalothorax .6. Thorax .25. Abdomen .8. Cauda .3.
Antenna .9. Chela .0, latitud. .2, forceps .3.

" Habitat in Georgia inferiore, in aquas pura? rivulos qui inter colliculos
arenosos (sand-kills) currunt."

The Philadelphia type agrees well with Le Conte's description. The
chela, however, under close inspection, is seen to be covered with obsoles-
cent, ciliate, squamous tubercles, and the areola is moderate rather than
wide. The fingers are ciliated along their inner margins. There is a single
lateral spine on each side of the thorax, three spines on the right side of the
telson, four on the left side. Carpus with two prominent spines on the inside,
and one below, near the exterior articulation of the hand. The sides of the
rostrum converge but little from the base to the lateral spines. The acumen
is long. The sexual appendages are figured by Hagen. The measurements
of this specimen (a male, form I.) are these :

Length, 47 mm. Carapax, 22 mm. Abdomen, 25 mm. From tip of ros-
trum to cervical groove, 16 mm. From cervical groove to posterior border
of carapace, 6 mm. Length of rostrum, 8 mm. ; acumen, 3 mm. Width of
rostrum at base, 3 mm. ; between lateral spines, 2 mm. Width of areola,
1.5 mm. Length of chela, 15 mm. ; breadth of do., 4 mm.

It resembles C. Lccontei in general appearance, the shape of hand, and
number of lateral thoracic and telson spines. The first pair of abdominal
legs are different, resembling those of C. spieulifcr, but different from either.
The sides of the rostrum are more nearly parallel than in C. Lccontei, in
this respect resembling C. verstttus. It seems to be a very much smaller
species than its near allies.

9. Cambarus pubescens.

Plate I. fig. 3, Plate Till. flgs. 1 a, 1 a'.

Cambarus pubescei/s, FAXON, Proc. Ainer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 109, 1S84.

Male, form II. Rostrum long, triangular, sides subparallel at the base,
then converging towards the lateral spines, which are evident ; slightly de-
pressed above at the base, subplane, with raised margins ; ciliated, especially
on the acumen ; acumen long, pointed. Post-orbital ridges with anterior
spines. Carapace cylindrical, fore border angulated behind the antennae,
punctate above, slightly granulated on the sides, with one lateral spine on
each side. Cervical groove ciliated. Cardiac region short (much less than

32 A KEVISIOX OF THE ASTACIDJi:.

one third as long as the anterior part of the carapace). Areola broad. Ster-
num covered with a dense growth of coarse setse. Abdomen longer than the
cephalothorax. Proximal segment of telson armed on each side with four
spines. Anterior process of epistoma broad triangular with ciliated margin.
Basal segment of antennule with a sharp spine below, near the inner margin
of the middle of its length. Antennte shorter than the body. Second and
third segments with acute external spine ; scale a little longer than peduncle
of antenna} and rostrum, moderately broad, broadest below the middle.
Third maxillipeds hairy within and below. Chela moderately broad, cov-
ered with inconspicuous ciliate squamous tubercles, internal margin nearly
straight, Fingers as long as the hand, densely ciliated. Carpus tubercu-
late, a prominent spine within, and one near each point of articulation with
the chela. Meros smooth outside and inside, tuberculate and spinous above,
biserially spinous and ciliate beneath. Third and fourth pairs of legs toothed
on the third segment. Fifth pair of legs with a hook on the basal segment.
Anterior abdominal appendages of moderate length, articulated at the base,
internal part with an articulated spine obliquely placed, external part termi-
nating in a rounded head with two short, blunt teeth.

Female. Differs from the male in its shorter and smaller claws. The
sternum is densely ciliated, as in the male. The annulus ventralis conical
with sigmoid longitudinal fissure ; movable.

Length, 54 mm. Carapace, 26 mm. Abdomen, 29 mm. Distance from
tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 19 mm. ; from cervical groove to poste-
rior border of carapace, 7 mm. Width of areola, 3 mm. Length of chela,
15.5 mm. ; breadth, 4 mm. (In the female, which is 59 mm. long, the chela
is 12 mm. long by 4 mm. wide.)

Two specimens, one male of the second form and one female, in the
U. S. National Museum (No. 3181), collected by A. Graves in McBean
Creek, a tributary of the Savannah River a little south of Augusta, Georgia,
arc the types of this species. There are two young female specimens from
the same region, Richmond Co., in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Differs from C. Lccontci and (7. mir/uxtitlu* by its broader areola, subplane
rostrum, and the pubescence of rostrum and cervical groove. The male
appendages also differ, as shown in the description and figures.

CAMBAKUS. 33

10. Cambarus spiculifer.

Plate II. fig. 5.

AstacMS spiculifer, LE CONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat.. Si-i. Phila., VII. 401, 1855.

anu ipievlifer, UAGEN, 111. Cat. Mas. Comp. Zool., No. 111. p. 48, PL I. figs. 59-62, PL III. fig. 147,

1S70.
Cambarits sjiii-afifir, FAXON, Proc. Amcr. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 138, 1884.

Known Localities. Upper Georgia : Oconee River at Athens and Milledge-
ville ; Ocinulgee River in the neighborhood of Atlanta (Coll. Butler Univ.,
from D. S. Jordan) ; Chattahoochee River at Roswell, Cobb Co., and iK-ar
Gainesville ; Etowali River (Coll. Butler Univ., from D. S. Jordan).

There is a male type, form I., in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
and one in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

In none of the specimens seen by me are there three spines on each
side of the basal segment of the telson, as is said by Hagen to be some-
times the case (p. 49), nor have I seen an individual with but one lateral
thoracic spine (Hagen, p. 50). I think these statements are based upon
erroneous determinations, for in the jarful of specimens from Athens, Ga.,
labelled Gcoitlanis spiculifer by Hagen, I find the young of C. Lccontei, which
has a trispinous telson and one lateral thoracic spine.

Measurements of a male, form II. Length, 71.5 mm. Carapace, 34.5 mm.
Abdomen, 37.5 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 25.5 mm. ; from
cervical groove to posterior margin of carapace, 9 mm. Length of rostrum,
11.25 mm. ; breadth of rostrum at base, 5.5 mm. ; between lateral spines,
2.75 mm. Length of chela, 29 mm. ; breadth of do., 11 mm. Width of areola,
3.5 mm. The largest specimen seen by me is 97 mm. long, male form II.

Cambarits sjilcuJifcr has been found as yet only in Upper Georgia, in the
Altamaha and Chattahoochee River basins.

C. Lccontei, C. auffiisfattis, C. pubescens, C. spiculifer, and C. versntus are dis-
tinguished from the other species of Group I. by the shortness of the
cardiac region of the carapace. C. Lccontci, C. angustaius, and C. pulescens
have one lateral thoracic spine on each side ; C. spiculifer and C. vcrsutu*
have two. C. Leconiei and C. anyustatus have subcylindrical hands, areola
of moderate width, rostrum smooth and hollowed out above ; C. pube-scens
has broader hands and areola, rostrum pubescent and subplane above. In
C. anr/ttx/a/tis the sides of the rostrum are subparallel ; in C. Lecontci the
rostrum is more tapering. In both C. tpicultfer and C. versutns the areola is

34 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

wide and the hands broad ; C. versuius has the hand covered with small,
close-set, squamous tubercles, the sides of the rostrum are subparallel, and
the telson commonly tri- or quadrispinose on each side ; in C. spiculifer the
hands bear large tubercles much less closely set than in C. versutus, the
rostrum tapers more between the base and the lateral spines, and the tel-
son is bispinose on each side. Each of these five species has characteristic
male appendages, figured by Hagen and on Plate VIII. of this Revision.

11. Cambarus versutus.

rn-xufus, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 51, PI. I. figs. 55-58, PI. III. fig. 150,
1870.

ri'i-xiifitx, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 138, 1884.

Localities. Alabama: neighborhood of Mobile. Florida: Cape
Barrancas [Pensacola Bay?].

Cumbarus rcrsittits resembles C. spiculifer in the shortness of the carapace
behind the cervicjil groove, the wide areola, and the two spines on each
side of the carapace. In addition to the difference in the male appendages
(see Hagcn's figures), the chela? are covered with small, closely-set squa-
mous tubercles, while in C. spiculifer the chela) have fewer and larger tuber-
cles. In C. versutus the hand is sulcated below, along the inner border, and
the areola is a little wider. The telson is tri- or quadrispinose in ('. versu-
tus, bispinose in C. spiculifer. The sides of the rostrum converge less between
the base and the lateral spines in C. rersntus.

Measurements of a male, form I. Length, 73.5 mm. Carapace, 35 mm.
Alidomen, 38.5 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 26 mm.; from
cervical groove to posterior border of carapace, 8.5 mm. Length of rostrum,
12mm.; acumen, 5mm. Breadth of rostrum at base, 5.5mm.; between
lateral spines, 4 mm. Length of chela?, 33 mm. ; breadth of do., 11 mm.
Width of areola, 4 mm.

Three small dry specimens, two males and one female, from Cape Barran-
cas, Fla., difler from the Alabama specimens in that the rostrum tapers a
little more and is lightly carinated above in the middle third of the median
line. Although none of the specimens are over 40 mm. in length, the males
arc of the first form, with well-developed hooks on the third and fourth pairs
of legs. The male appendages agree with those of C. ra-siitus. The telson
is tri- or quadrispinose. and the hand is sulcated below, along the inner
margin, as in C.

CAMliAKl'S. 35

12. Cambarus Alleni.

Plate I. fig. 1, Plate VIII. HB. 9, it:

Alli'i/!, F.vvix, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts ami Scl., XX. 110, 1884.

Male, form I. Rostrum broad, triangular, somewhat deflexed, smooth,
excavated above, margins raised into sharp crests and gradually converging
to near the tip, where they suddenly come together to form the short,
sharp acumen ; no lateral spines. Post-orbital ridges without spines. Cara-
pace cylindrical, somewhat compressed laterally, fore border angulated be-
hind the antenna?, punctate above, granulated on the sides. Cervical groove
deeply sulcated, without lateral spines. Cardiac region more than one third
as long as the distance from the tip of rostrum to hind border of carapace.
Areola narrow. Abdomen broad, longer than cephalo thorax. Angles of
pleura rounded. Three or four spines on each side of posterior border
of basal segment of the telson. Terminal segment of telson shorter than
basal part, one third broader than long, hind margin concave. Anterior
process of epistoma subquadrangular. Basal segment of antennules with a
sharp spine below, near the inner margin, half-way towards the end of the
segment. Antennas shorter than the body, second and third segments with
an external sharp tooth. Antennal scale equal to peduncle, slightly sur-
passing the rostrum, broad, broadest at the middle, rounded at apex, termi-
nating in a short spine, external margin inflated. Third maxillipeds hairy
within and below. Chelipeds slender, chela long, subcylindrical, squamoso-
tuberculate, tubercles ciliate anteriorly, internal border straight, serrate.
Fingers as long as the hand, with alternate longitudinal ribs and lines of
ciliate impressed dots. Opposed margins of fingers straight, unidentate.
Carpus squamoso-tuberculate within, obsoletely so without, with one promi-
nent spine on inner border. Meros punctate outside, ciliato-tuberculate
within and on upper margin, which has two ante-apical spines obliquely
placed ; two rows of spines beneath. Third and fourth pairs of legs hooked
on third segments, hooks of fourth pair bituberculate. Fifth pair of legs
with a flattened laminate tubercle on basal joint. Anterior abdominal appen-
dages of moderate length, bifid at apex, outer part forming a broad flattened
plate whose anterior margin is furnished with hairs and one strong seta, the
posterior margin of the plate produced anteriorly into a blunt tooth-like
process. Inner part bearded within, and produced into a long erect spine,
which much exceeds in length the outer part of the appendage.

36 A EE VISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

Length. fi2 mm. Rostrum, 6 mm. Carapace, 30 mm. From tip of ros-
trum to cervical groove, 19.5 mm. ; from cervical groove to posterior border
of carapace, 10.5 mm. Abdomen, 32 mm. Width of areola, 7 mm. Antennae,
47 mm. Chelipeds, 49 mm. Chela, 23 mm. Width of chela, 6 mm.

St. John's River, Hawkinsville, Orange Co., Fla. : J. A. Allen.

A well-marked species with toothless excavated rostrum (younger speci-
mens probably have marginal rostral teeth), narrow areola, long, sub-
cylindrical chelipeds covered with ciliated squamous tubercles. The first
abdominal legs are not jointed, the hooks on the third and fourth pairs
of thoracic legs are large and well finished, so that I consider the single
specimen examined to be the first form.

In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
is a specimen from Hernando Co., Fla., Jos. W. Wilcox, which is probably
the second form of the male of this species. The sexual appendages are
not articulated at the base. The hooks on the third and fourth pairs of
legs are small, tooth-like processes merely. Besides the differences in these
hooks and in the sexual appendages, the following may be pointed out :
the rostrum has small lateral teeth near the tip, the post-orbital ridges have
a sharp spine at their anterior end, the basal segment of the fifth pair of
legs is armed with a sharp hooked tooth in place of a flattened tubercle, and
the hind segment of the telson is longer in proportion to its width.

13. Cambarus penicillatus.

.-Ixfur/ix [H'H^-illit/ifH, LE CONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VII. 401, 1855.

Cambarw peaicillalui, HAGEX, 111. Cat. Mas. Coinp. Zoo]., No. III. p. 53, PI. I. figs. 93, 94, [95, 96 ?], PI.

III. fig. 149, 1S70.
Cambiifux /K'Hn-illii/Hx, KVXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 138, 1881.

Loi-dlltics. Georgia. Eastern Mississippi [?]. Charleston, S. C. [?].
None of Le Conte's types of this species are known. Of the specimens in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology referred to this species by Dr. Hagen,
;i sniiill male of the first form, from Georgia (No. 279), agrees well with Le
Conlc's description. It has a small branchiostegian spine, overlooked in
llagi'ii's description. The rostrum has no trace of ante-apical spines; the
;iuteim;il scale is very broad, attaining its greatest breadth in the middle,
i lieu iiiirrowing but little until reaching the level of the apical spine. It
is a little shorter than the peduncle of the second antennas, and equal to
the rostrum in length. The male appendages are represented on Plate I.

CAMBARUS. 37

of Hagen's Monograph, figs. 93, 94. This is doubtless Le Conte's species.
It is peculiar in having tufts of long hair-like setrc on the inner margin of
the hand. The only other species known to have these hair-like growths
is Astacus GamMii, from the Western United States, which has the pilosity
on the outer as well as the inner margin of the hand.

Length, 42 mm. Carapace, 21 mm. Abdomen, 22 mm. From tip of ros-
trum to cervical groove, 14 mm. Cardiac region, 7 mm. Width of areola,
1 mm. Lengtli of chela, 14 mm. ; breadth of do., 5 mm.

Of the other specimens referred to C. pcniclUntus, two young females from
Charleston, S. C. (Cat. No. 254) are surely C. troglodytes. Two other females
and two males, form II., also from Charleston (Cat. No. 250), may be the
female and second form of the male of C. /irnln/lutiis, as claimed by Hagen,
but I suspect that the}- belong to another species. The form of the first pair
of abdominal appendages of the male (Hagen, PI. I. figs. 95, 96) is not what
one would expect in the second form of C. penicillatus. The antennal scale
is narrower, longer, diminishing more rapidly in width beyond the middle.
The lack of beard on the hands, a more gradually tapering rostrum with
longer acumen, and the trispinous basal segment of the telsoir also serve
to distinguish these specimens from the first form male from Georgia.

In the collection of Butler University, Irvington, Ind., is a male, form
II., collected in Eastern Mississippi by 0. P. Hay, which closely resembles
the specimen of C. pcmcittatus from Georgia, excepting in the following par-
ticulars. The base of the rostrum is more clearly foveolate. The areola is
only one half the width of that of C. pcmcillatm, being reduced to such an
extent as to admit but one line of impressed dots within its area, while in
the Georgian specimen there are two or three parallel longitudinal rows
in the narrowest part of the areola. The fore border of the carapace is
not angulated behind the antenna?, as in the specimens from Georgia and
Charleston. The setai that grow from the squamous tubercles on the inner
edge of the hand are longer than on the other parts, but are not drawn
out into pencils, as in the first form from Georgia.

The first pair of abdominal appendages are articulated at the base, re-
curved at their distal end, though not so strongly as in the first form from
Georgia ; internal part with a short apical tooth directed obliquely outwards,
external part with two stout apical teeth. The short apical tooth of the
internal part of the appendage gives it a very different appearance from the
second form males from Charleston, described above, and referred to C. pern-

38 A REVISION OF THE ASTACHXE.

cillutus by Hagen, and the two can hardly belong to the same species. The
teeth at the tip of the external part are also shorter and blunter in the
Mississippi specimen than in those from Charleston. The hooks on the third
and fourth pairs of thoracic legs are very small, mere tooth-like processes.
The antennal scale is broad at the tip, as in the Georgia specimen.

Measurements. Length, 50 mm. Carapace, 25 mm. Abdomen, 26 mm.
Rostrum, 5 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 16.5 mm. Car-
diac region, 8.5 mm. Width of areola, .5 mm. Length of chela, 14 mm. ;
breadth of chela, 5 mm.

This specimen, as well as those from Charleston, may belong to different
species from C. penicillatiis, but my material is not sufficient to warrant the
establishment of new species.

Le Conte does not specify from what part of Georgia his specimens came,
nor is the locality of the Georgia specimens in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology any more precisely indicated.

14. Cambarus Wiegmanni.

Asians (Cambarux) Wieymaitni, EKICIISON, Arcli. f. Naturgesch., XII. Jahn*., I. 99, 1846.

? Cambafiix iriri/mitiiiii, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. III. p. 54, PI. III. fig. 151, 1870.

Cambantx in,-i/matiui, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts aud Sci., XX. 138, 1884.

Four species of Cambarus have been described from Mexico; viz. C. W/'eg-
iiiitnni Erichs., C. Mmcnuns Erichs., C. Aziccus Saussure, and C. Montczvnuc
Suussure. (!. Win/iinniitl has hooks near the base of the third and fourth pairs
of legs of male, tuberculated chelae, carpus dentated on the inner border.
C. Mcximitus has only the third pair of legs of the male hooked, chela)
granulated, carpus unarmed. C. Aztccus also has the third pair of legs
hooked in the male, chelae granulated, more compressed than in C. Mc.d-
rt/HHx, car]) us armed with some spines within and below. It is doubtful
whether this be specifically distinct from C. Mcxicanm. In C. Monicziumr
the second and third pair of legs of the male are hooked, the carpus and
chela- smooth. To the list of Mexican Cambari is to be added C. imnnnii*,
collected at Omaha by Prof. Sumichrast. An undescribed Parastacine occurs
at Colima, on the west roast.

The lypes of Kriehson's two Mexican species of Cambarus, C. Wicgwuui!
and C. j\l,.,-;<;nii<x. could not be found in the Berlin Museum, either by Hagen,
vim examined the collection in September, 1870, or by Yon Martens (Arch.
STaturgesch., IS7U. [.. l:;i,. c. Wiegmanni alone of the known Mexican spe-

CAMIiAKUS. 39

cics belongs to the C. ninwlint/ii group, with hooks on the third and fourth
pairs of legs in the male. The female specimen in the Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
(No. 170, Mr. Pease), fully described by Hagen, is probably correctly referred
to this species by him, although in the absence of male specimens there is
some uncertainty. It would seem to belong here rather than to C. Mcxi-
cKitvx, on account of the tuberculous chelae and the dentiform tubercles on
the inner margin of the carpus.

I have seen but one specimen of C. Mcxicanns, a male. In this the chelce
are more cylindrical, and are covered with smaller, more closely set, granular
tubercles. In the collection of Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I find another alcoholic
female from Jalapa, Mexico, which agrees well with Mr. Pease's specimen. A
mutilated female in the U. S. Nat. Mus. (No. 3288, Prof. Sumichrast), from
the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, seems also to belong here.

C. Wici/iii/iiini differs from C. pcnlcillaiiis in the strongly tuberculated
chehv, rostrum narrowing more suddenly before the acumen, and broader
areola. Erichson's description is appended. The form of the male appen-
dages is not noticed.

" A. (Cambarus) Wiegmanm : Chelis tuberculatis, digitis sequalibus, carpis
intus dentatis, rostro lato, lanceolate.

" Panzerschild punktirt, die Langsleisten an der Schnabelwurzel kurz,
etwa bis zur Mitte cles dritten Gliedes der ausseren Fiihler reichend, der
Schnabel breit, lanzettfb'rmig zugespitzt, oben flach ausgehohlt, mit aufge-
worfenem scharfen Raucle. Die Flihlerblatter sehr breit, der Aussenrand
etwas verdickt, mit u'berragender Spitze. Die Scheerenbeine ziemlich kurz,
die Scheeren langlich, ziemlich schmal, oben und unten gewolbt, mit pleinen
Hockerchen etwas weitlaufig besetzt, am Innenrande die Hocker dichter und
spitzer ; die Finger kraftig, gefurcht, in den Furchen punktirt ; das Glied
vor der Scheere am Innenrande mit einigen Zahnen besetzt. Der Schwanz
etwas zusammengedriickt, schmaler als das Panzerschild, nach hinten allmah-
lich etwas verschm'alert.

" Das zweite Glied am dritten und am vierten Beinpaar beirn Mannchen
mit einem hakenformigen Fortsatz.

" Lange des Korpers von der Schnabelspitze bis zum Ende der Schwanz-
flosse 2", des Schnabels 2.f , des Scheerenbeins 1" 4"', der Scheere 8'", Breite
derselben fast 3"', grosste Breite des Panzerschildes G'", Hohe desselben eben-
falls 6'".

" In Mexiko. Von Deppe gesammelt."

40 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

15. Cambarus pellucidus.

Alfactu jiflliifiiJi's, TELLKAMPF, Arch. Anat., Physiol. u. wissensch. Mecl, 1844, p. 383.

.lxlii<-H8 (Cambarvs) pellucichis, ERICHSOX, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jalirg., I. 95, 1846.

Attacu* pellacidui, (.IIIIBES, Proc. Amcr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 3d Meeting, p. 195, 1S50. (No description.)

Cambarus pellucidtes, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VI. 87, 1852. (No description.)

Cambarus fettucidus, UAGEX, III. Cat. Mus. Conip. Zoo]., No. III. p. 55, PI. I. figs. 68-71, PI. III. fig. 143,

PI. VI., 1870. Amer. Naturalist, VI. -494, 1872.
Camliui- u * /W///,W/, PACKARD, Amcr. Naturalist, V. 750, fig. 131 (after Hageu), 1871. Fifth Ann. Rep.

Trustees Peabotly Acad. Sci. for the Year 1872, p. 94, 1873.
Orconectes pellucidus, COPE, Amer. Naturalist, VI. 410, 419, 1872. Third and Fourth Aim. Rep. Geolog.

Surv. ludiana, pp. 162, 173, 1872.
Orconectt'x incnnis, COPE, Amer. Naturalist, VI. 410, 419, 1872. Third and Fourth Ann. Rep. Geolog. Surv

Indiana, pp. 102, 173, 1872.
Cambarus pell/u-ii/iis, SMITH, Rep. U. S. Comni. Fish aiid Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 639, 1S74. (No

description.)

Cambarm pellaeidus, PUTNAM, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII. 222, XVIII. 16, 1875. (Habits.)
jiellttciilits, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 139, 1884.

Knoivn Localities. Kentucky : Mammoth Cave and other caves in Ecl-
monson Co. Indiana : Wyandotte Cave, Crawford Co. ; cave in Bradford,
Harrison Co.

The earliest notice of the blind crayfish of the Mammoth Cave occurs
in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
Vol. I. p. 175. In the record of the meeting of the Academy on May 24,
1842, the donation of a specimen is thus acknowledged: "A white eyeless
crayfish (Antaeus Bartonil) .... from the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, about
2.L miles from the entrance. Presented by W. T. Craige, M. D."

From a " Notice of the Blind Fish, Crayfish, and Insects from the Main-
moth Cave, Kentucky," communicated by William Thompson to the Annals
and Magazine of Natural History (Vol. XIII. p. 11.1, February, 1844), I quote
the following :

" At a meeting of the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society,
.Inn. 17, 1844, Mr. Thompson, the President, called attention to specimens
<>!' the Blind Fish, Crayfish, and Locusts from the great Mammoth Cave in
Kentucky, procured in the month of May last, specially for the Society, by
the kind addition of our townsman, Gordon A. Thomson, Esq., on his visit
to the cave. They are perhaps the first examples of their respective species-
brought thence to Europe.

'The cave itself is popularly known from having been described in
'Chambers'* Edinburgh Journal 'for 1838, Vol. VI. p. 234 ; and more recently,
at least in this town, from a letter by the Rev. Wm. Murphy, St. Mary's

CAMKARUS. 41

College, Kentucky, published in the ' Belfast Commercial Chronicle' of Jan. 1,
1844, where it occupies two columns, but the source whence it was obtained

is not acknowledged The crayfish and ' crickets ' are stated in the

letter already noticed [the Rev. Win. Murphy's ?] to be blind, but this is
erroneous. Both species have eyes. Our specimen of the crayfish wants
both the claws, but is otherwise perfect, and agrees with. the description of
the Astacus Bartoni Fabr., given in Milne Edwards's ' Histoire des Crustaces,'
Vol. II. p. 331. The length there attributed to the species is 3 inches ; the
specimen before us is 2j inches in length from the point of the rostrum to
the extremity of the caudal plates."

The description of Astacus Baiionii by Milne Edwards, here referred to,
is in reality a description of Astacus affiim Say ; but as C. Bartonii is the
only eyed crayfish known to inhabit the Mammoth Cave, it was probably
the species in Thompson's hands. Tellkampf's type (a male, form I.) was
more fully described by Erichson, and was seen by Hagen in the Berlin
Museum in September, 1870.

The presence in the Mammoth Cave of a crayfish with well-developed
eyes, together with the blind species, was noticed by Prof. B. Silliman, Jr.,
in 1850. In a letter to Professor Guyot, dated Louisville, Nov. 8, 1850,
printed in the American Journal of Science and Arts, 2d Ser., Vol. XL,
May, 1851, he says (p. 336) : -

" The crawfish, or small Crustacea inhabiting the rivers with the fish,
are also eyeless and uncolored, but the larger-eyed and colored crawfish,
Avhich are abundant without the cave, are also common at some seasons in
the subterranean rivers Among the collections are some of the larger-
eyed crawfish which were caught by us in the cave."

I have now before me specimens of C. pellucidus and C. Bartonii from the
Peabody Museum of Yale College (Nos. 1814, 1815), collected by Professor
Silliman in the Mammoth Cave. More recently, C. Bartonii has been fre-
quently captured there.

The association of C. pellucidus and C. Bartonii in the Mammoth Cave,
and the fact that cave specimens of the latter are often very light colored,
led Professor N. S. Shaler * to conclude that the two species were connected
by transitional forms, and that the blind form was derived from the present
outside fauna of the region. He even goes so far as to suppose that the
blind form, C. pellucidus, is continually reinforced by interbreeding with the

* Mein. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., II. 362, 363, 1875.
6

42 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDJE.

eyed form derived from without the cave ! But as we have seen (see p. 18),
< '. /K-lliiwIux is a very aberrant species, with no very closely related form
outside the cave. The simple form of the male appendages, and the com-
bination of characters belonging to different groups,* seen in C. pettuciilus,
indicate, to my mind, that it is a very ancient form, which has been preserved
in the seclusion of the cave, while its nearest kin succumbed in the sharper
struggle incident to life outside, or were replaced by modified descendants
evolved to meet the changeable conditions which obtain without the caverns.
This view is rendered more probable when one remembers that the same
form, C. pellucidus, occurs in the Wyandotte Cave on the other side of that
ancient river, the Ohio. The transportation of an eyeless cave species from
the Kentucky caverns to those of Indiana seems out of the question, and
one is driven to the conclusion that the subterranean waters of both localities
derived this eyeless species from a similar form with well-developed eyes,
that peopled the streams throughout this region at a remote period. Fur-
ther, if we trust the statements of Gustav Joseph (see p. 45), a Cambarus is
found in the caves of Carniola in Southern Austria very closely related
to C. 2)cttncidus, while all the European crayfishes else belong to another
genus, Astacus. That the similarity of conditions affecting cavern life in all
parts of the world is sufficient to bring about the close agreement between
the crayfishes of the caves of Carniola and Kentucky, when the forms out-
side the caves belong to different genera in the two localities, seems highly
improbable. The genus Cambarus in North America has not originated
under the influences of subterranean life, but is the ordinary form of cray-
fish throughout the whole of the eastern and central portions of the conti-
nent. If the cave species of Carniola were derived from the present outside
fuu n a of Europe, we should have A blind Astacus instead of a blind Cambarus.
I am rather inclined to accept the Carniola cave species as a witness to the
Conner existence of the genus Cambarus in the rivers of Europe (see p. 170).
C. jicl/iidilns is subject to considerable variation. In some specimens
the rostrum is shorter than in typical specimens, and contracts more from
the base to the lateral teeth, which are much less prominent. The spines
of the postorbital ridge and sides of the carapace are slightly developed.
This is the form de-i-ribcd as a new species, Orconcctcs incrmis, from Wyan-
dotte Cave, Indiana, by Prof. Cope, in 1872. I owe to Prof. A. S. Packard

\Villi the (.^ntnl eharaetei- ,,|' Croup I. :n r found ihc Lreiioral form of body of the species belonging
I" Croup 111. :nnl HIP rostrum uf Croup IV. The antennal vale dilated near the tip is characteristic of
>[>* III. and IV., rather than ol' Croup I.

CAMBAKUS. 43

an opportunity to examine Cope's type. It is a male, form II., with the
lirst pair of abdominal appendages not articulated, a condition often found in
the second form males of this species. After an examination of this speci-
men, I can indorse the opinion of Hagcn (Amer. Nat., Aug., 1872) and Pack-
aid (Fifth Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci., for 1872), expressed before seeing
the specimen, that the variation is not of specific value. All the specimens
which I have seen from the Indiana caves, amounting to six in number,
belong to this form. But the same form also comes from the Mammoth and
neighboring caves in Kentucky. In a gigantic female in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology (No. 3417, collected in Mammoth Cave by F. W.
Putnam), the peculiarities of Cope's form are intensified. The point of the
rostrum does not reach the distal end of the peduncle of the antennule, and
hardly attains the proximal end of the distal segment of the peduncle of
the antenna.* The lateral rostral spines are reduced to salient angles. The
post-orbital ridges are destitute of spines, as in C. Baiionii. The antennal
scales reach but to the proximal end of the terminal segment of the peduncle
of the antenna. The lateral spinules of the carapace are represented by
granular tubercles. The spines of the meros of the cheliped are short and
tooth-like ; those on the upper surface are blunt, those beneath are irregularly
disposed, without the clear biserial order seen in the typical form, and also in
Cope's type of 0. iuermis. The hands are broad, flattened, and tuberculate.

In this specimen, moreover, the anterior process of the epistoma is trun-
cated in front. The dimensions are subjoined. Length of body, 93 mm. ;
of carapace, 46 mm. ; of rostrum (from level of post-orbital spines to tip),
9 mm. ; of abdomen, 49 mm. ; from tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 26
mm.; from cervical groove to posterior margin of carapace, 20 mm. Length
of cheliped, 84 mm. ; of chela, 43 mm. ; of antenna, 86 mm. ; of antennal
scale, 8 mm.

The other blind Ciunbams from the United States (C. htuiiuhtfus from
Nickajack Cave, Tenn.) resembles C. pcllucidns superficially, but belongs to
Group III., with hooks only on the third pair of legs in the male. The first
pair of abdominal appendages are very different from those of C. peUucidus,
being formed after the pattern of those organs in C. Bartonii The annulus
ventralis of the female is also different.

A small specimen of C. pellucidm was found in a jar containing C. Putnami
from Green River, near the Mammoth Cave, collected by Mr. F. W. Putnam.

* In the typical form of C pflluciilus (lie rostrum equals or exceeds in length the peduncle of the antenna.

44 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

So it would seem that the blind species sometimes finds its way out from

the cave.

The blind fishes of the Mammoth Cave are compensated for the loss of
sight by the development of special tactile papillae. Among the Crustacea
the eyeless Gammanis puteamts and Aselltis cavuticm are more richly furnished
with olfactory setoa than are their relatives that enjoy the sense of sight,
In the Astacidae the setae to which Leydig has ascribed an olfactory function
are borne by the outer flagellum of the antennules. Leydig * has described
their arrangement in C. pellucidus. The outer flagellum is composed of about
thirty-six segments. The olfactory setce are situate for the most part on the
distal half of the flagellum, beginning with the fifteenth segment, the number
of setae on each segment decreasing toward either extremity of the olfactory
portion of the flagellum. Leydig was unable to compare C. pellucidus with
any of the species of Cambarus possessed of eyes, but he observed that the
antennulary flagella of Astuciis fluvudilis were shorter and contained fewer
segments than in C. pellucidus. This, however, is a generic distinction, and
cannot be brought into relation with the absence of visual organs in the
cave species.

Professor R. Ramsay Wright f has followed up Leydig's suggestion by a
comparison of the so-called olfactory organs of C. pellucidus with those of the
eyed C. propinquus. He finds that the external flagellum of the antennule
of the latter species is composed of eighteen or nineteen segments, the distal
nine of which alone bear olfactory setce. He therefore concludes that
C. pctlm-idti*, like the blind Gammarus and Asellus, has acquired a more com-
plete olfactory apparatus in compensation for the loss of sight.

I have examined several specimens of 0. propinquus with reference to
this point, and find that the number of segments in the external flagel-
lum of the antennule may be as high as thirty-five, fifteen or sixteen of
which may carry olfactory organs. In C. uffinis I have counted as many as
thirty-three segments in the flagellum, nineteen with olfactory set33. A
moderate-sized ('. Blandwu/ii from New Jersey reveals about fifty segments,
twenty-nine of them provided with olfactory seta>. It thus appears that
1'rolV'ssor Wright's conclusion, that the- number of ank'imulary segments and
olfactory organs is increased in the blind species, is not supported by the facts.
It is noteworthy, however, that, the olfactory setoa of C. pellucidus are longer

' riiliTMii'lmiiirni zuv Aiiiiiiimip mid lli-iiilmrir ,ln- Tliinv. 1 1. 38.
t AmiTi.-.ui N;i!m;,liM V,,| XVIII \> 111. Maivli. l-s

45

tliiin in most species of Cambarus. In a specimen of C. /unmttahts, the other
blind cave species, there are thirty segments in the outer flagellum of the
anU'imule, and the olfactory setie are long, as in C. pellucidus.

Cambarus typhlobius.

Cambarus Styriitts, JOSEPH, Berliner Eutomolog. Zeitschr., XXVI. 12, April, 1882. (Name preoccupied by
Bumly.)

The earliest notice of the existence of a blind crayfish, closely resembling Cambarus
jn//i/f/,/i/s, in the caves of Carniola, is in the 57th Juhresbericht der Schlesischen Gesell-
srliaft fiir vaterliiudische Cultur, 1879, p. 202, Breslau, 1880. It is there recorded that
Dr. Gustav Joseph " demonstrirte einen ueuen, 9 cm. langen, zur Familie der Astaciden
gehorigeu blindeu Grottenkrebs aus Krain, welcher der a us der Mainmuthshohle vim
Kentucky in Amerika bekannten Art (Cambarus pellucidus Tellkampf ) sehr uahe steht
und desbalb vom Yortragendeu Cambarns t//pldobius n. sp. benannt worclen ist."

In a paper published in December, 1881, in the twenty-fifth volume of the Ber-
liner Entomologische Zeitschrift,* the same writer mentions, without describing, the
animal, under the names Cambarus ccecus n. sp. (p. 237) and Cambarus Stygius u. sp.
(pp. 241, 249).

In the twenty-sixth volume of the same journal, pp. 12-14, April, 1882,f a fuller
account of the animal is given by Dr. Joseph. On account of the importance of the
discovery, and the rarity of the Berlin Entomological Journal in America, I transcribe the
entire description.

" Cambarus Stygius, n. sp.

" Wie Anophthalmw Tdlkamnfii Erichs. aus der Mammuth-Hohle bei Kentucky der
nachst Verwandte des Krainer A. Sflimidtii Sturm, so erscheint Cambarus Stygius mit dem
amerikanischen C. pellucidus Tellkampf aus der genannten Hohle sehr nahe venvandt.
In der Satumlung von Ferdinand Schmidt in Ober-Schiska bei Laibach befand sich zur
Zeit ein getrockeues Exemplar dieser von mir entdeckten Krebsart, das aus der Grotte von
St. Kanzian stammte und mit dem Namen 'Astacus saxaiilis' (?) bezeichnet war. Eeste
von Scheeren fand ich im Darm eines Olm, der in einer Hohle bei Gabroviza oberhalb
Triest gefunden sein soil. Nachtriiglich wurde mir mitgetheilt dass in der Hohle von
Ospo unweit Triest ein grosser, dem Flusskrebs ahnlicher, Krebs vorkommeu soil. Die
Exploration derselben im September 1881 in Begleitung des Herru Dr. Graeffe, Inspector
der Kais. Konigl. Zoolog. Station in Triest, hatte aber ein negatives Eesultat. Das Ex-
emplar meiner Sammlung, welches ebeufalls aus dem Eeccafluss aus der Grotte von S.
Kanzian bei Metaun unweit Divazza stammt, ist ein geschlechtsreifes Manncheii, das
an Grb'sse die amerikanische Art nach der von Packard (' The Mammoth Cave and its
Inhabitants'. . . .) veroffeutlichten Abbildung kaum iibertrifft. Trotz aller Miihe gelaug
es mir bisher nicht mir ein Exemplar der amerikanischen Art Behufs Vergleichuug zu
verschaffen. Leicler stand mir auch nicht die Abbildung, welche Tellkampf und Hagen

* " Erfahrungeii im wissenschaftliclien Sammeln und Beobachten der den Kraiuer Tropfsteingrotten
eigenen Arthropodeu von Dr. Med. et Phil. Gustav Joseph, Doceuten a. d. Universitat Breslau."

) ." Systematisches Verzeichuiss der in den Tropfsteingrotten von Krain einheimischcn Arthropoden
uebst Diagnosen der vom Verfasscr entdeckten und bisher noch nicht bcschriebeneii Arteu."

46 A EEVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

von diescm griissten aller Grottenkrebse geben, zu Gebote, wahrend die von Packard pub-
licirto Liielit detaillirt genug ist, um bei Yergleichung die nothige Sicherheit zu gewahren.
Vim do- Spitze des Eostrum frontale bis zur Schwanzflosse misst das (7 Jabr in Spiritns
aul'bcwahrte) Thier 6.5 cm. Die lateralen grossen Fiihler sincl um T L langer als bei der
amerikaniscben Art. Die Basis der innern Fiihler ragt weiter als das Eostrum nach vorn,
wahrend bei der amerikanischen Art Nichts davon zu seheu ist. Wiihrend in der Pack-
ard'sclien Abbildung die Augapfel nicht wahrnehmbar siud, erscbeiuen dieselben bei clem.
Kramer Exemplar ebenso deutlich wie bei Trogloca/ris ScJuniiltii, nber statt der Hornhaut-
fauetten besteht das Integument des Augapfels wie des Augenstiels aus undurchsichtiger
Chitinhaut. Ebeuso fehlen wie bei clem blinden Cariden jegliche liehtbrechende und
lichtempfindende Elemente. Der Augapfel ist erfiillt von derber bindegewebiger, mit Fett
durohsetzter Masse. Durch den Augenstiel zieht eiu bindegewebiger Streif in der Bicht-
xing gegen das obere Schlundganglion bin, Bei'unde, wie ich sie bereits seit langer als
einem Jahrzehnt bei Troglocaris Sclunidtii gefundeii und veroffentlicht babe. ludem
icb mir die Abbildung und genaue Bescbreibung fiir eine grossere Arbeit iiber die Ge-
sammtfauna der Kraiuer Grotten vorbehalte, will ieli nur noch folgende, im Vergleicli
zur wahrscbeinlicb mangelhaften Packard'schen Abbildung der amerikanischen Art hochst
auffallende, Unterschekle hervorheben. Von dem 2. Gliede des 3. Schreitfusses ragt ein
hakenformiger Auswuchs von J- der Grcisse dieses Gliedes schief nach voru und (proximal-
warts j mediahviirts; ebenso von entsprecheuder Stelle am 4. Schreitfuss eiu ahnlich
-.'stalteter alier kiirzerer uud schma'chtiger. Das 1. Paar der Schwimmfiisse ist in iilin-
licher Weise zu Begattungsorganen umgebildet, wie bei dem Flusskrebs ; das 2. Paar ist
im Endgliede meinbranos und tief gespalten."

Fnim tliis imperfect description it appears that the peduncle of the antennule is
longer in proportion to the rostrum than in the typical C. pdlucidus, and the eye larger.
Whether this species conforms to the genus Cambarus in the number and arrangement of
the gills, we are not told ; but the presence of hooks on the third and fourth pairs of legs
seems to indicate a true Cambarus.*

As the naiiif Cambarus W mi ins was employed by Bundy, in 1876, for an American
species, I have adopted the name suggested by Joseph in his first notice of this species.

It is to be lamented that a fuller account of this animal has not been published, on

nit of its important bearings on the subject of the geographical distribution of these
animals. KViuarks on the meaning of the presence of this Cambarus in the caves of Car-
uiola, the sole representative of the genus in the Eastern continent, will be found on pp
42, 176.

Cambarus Stygius.

, HI-XDY, Bull. 111. Mus. Nat, Hist., No. I. p. 3, 1S70. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 180,

Wis., SUIT. 1S7.V1S;<), 1. ii ii, 1883.
*, FORBES, Bull. 111. Mus. K;,i 1 1 ist., No. I. p. 19, 1S76. (After Bundy.)

fcrum Long and pointed, smooth above, foveolate at base, cephalotliorax slightly
compressed, smooth or slightly punctate above, finely granulate on sides; areola narrow;
lateral spine acute; antennal plates wide, truncate, with short apical teeth; epistoma

it Josepli ,, . H.at the hooks sprin- from thr second segment <.f dip le s in the

i- an error, since these processes are always tumid on tho third segment.

CAMBAEUS. 47

rounded in front, twice as wide ;is Ion-; third maxillipeds hairy on inner and lower
aspects; ehehi? short, smooth above, serrate on interior margins; fingers short, nearly
straight, eostate and punrtale above, contiguous margins tubcrculate, exterior one hairy;
third joint of third (and fourth ?) thoracic legs of male hooked. (Of three males sent me
by Dr. L'. II. Hoy, not one had the fourth thoracic legs remaining.)

"First abdominal of male short, truncate, with three short, obtuse teeth directed out-
ward from the posterior margin at apex. A smooth groove passes up on the outside of
the leg between these teeth and the anterior margin.

Ye lit nil aimulus of female flat, transversely elliptical, posterior margin slightly
elevated.

" This species is closely related to G. arntiix, but may be at once separated by the
shorter hands similar to those of 0. propinquus and the nou-tuberculated annulus
of female.

" Found by Dr. P. E, Hoy on the shores of Lake Michigan [at Eacine, Wis.], having
been washed ashore during a storm." - - Bundy, Geol. Wis., Vol. I. p. 402.

Color, "dark cream, darker along the sutures."

This species is known to me only through the descriptions of Bundy. In his earlier
description, in the Bulletin of the Illinois Museum of Natural History, he states that the
rostrum has " small teeth near apex," and that the cariiife are " parallel, separated from base
of rostrum by slight grooves." In this description it is said that the " third and fourth
joints of third thoracic legs " are hooked. This is probably a printer's error for the " third
joint of third (and fourth ?) thoracic legs of male hooked " of the later description. Misled
by this typographical (?) error, Forbes, in his synopsis of the species mentioned in the
paper in the Bulletin of the Illinois Museum of Natural History, places this species with
('. i/r" ri!is in the group with hooks only on the third pair of legs. The "outer margin of
finger hairy," of Forbes's diagnosis, seems to show a misconception of Bundy 's description,
which undoubtedly means inner margin of outer finger hairy.

GROUP II. (TYPE C. advena.)

Third segment of third pair of legs of male hooked. First pair of abdominal legs
of male siniilitr to those of Group I.

The species of this group seem to form the passage from Group I. to
Group III. (C. Bmionli}. The first pair of abdominal appendages of the male
are similar to those of the species in the C. Bhmdinyii group, being truncate
it the tip, the outer part terminating in one or two short tubercles or teeth,
the inner part in a short, erect spine. Only the third pair of legs of the
male are hooked. C. xiiitnhuis, C. Mexicanus, and C. Cubcnsis resemble in
their general form and shape of chela the species included in Group I. The
chela and antennal scale of C. simulnns are much as in C. Blandingii, var.
acutu. In (J. Mmeanus and C. Ciibensis the chela is sub-cylindrical and
slender, and covered with small ciliated squamous tubercles. C. adi'enn,

48 A EE VISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

C. Carolimis, and C. gracilis resemble C. Diogenes of Group III. in the general
form of body, linear areola, small antennal scale, broad chela, etc. The fore
border of the carapace is augulated behind the antennas in C. simulans,
C. Mcxicamus, C. Citbensis, and C. gracilis ; not angulated in C. advena and
C. Curolliius. The rostrum is armed with small lateral teeth in C. Cubcnsis ;
in the other species of this group the rostrum has no lateral teeth.

Of the species belonging to this group, Hagen knew only C. advena and
C. Carolimis. These were placed by him, as aberrant forms, in Group III.
(C. Barton! i).

liostrum with small lateral teeth, areola broad. C. Cubensis.

Areola of moderate width. Chelae subeylindrical. C. Mexicanus.
Areola narrow. Auteimal scale large and broad. C.

Rostrum without lateral teeth. Fi . ol]t mMgin of carapace angnlated

behind antenna-. C. gracilis.
Areola linear, or obliterated m the middle.

1 Front margin of carapace uot augu-
*- lated. C. advena, C. Carolinus.

16. Cambarus simulans.

Plate I, fig. 3, Plate VIII, tigs. 3, 3', 3 a, S a'.

Ciiui/inr/i.1 siiii/ifans, FAXON, Proc. Ainer. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 112, 1S84.

Male, form I. Rostrum broad, deeply excavated ; margins raised into
sharp crests, which overhang the base of the sides of the rostrum, converging,
sinuated before the tip to form the short acumen; no lateral spines; the
acumen is barely margined. Post-orbital ridges subacute in front, divergent
and ending in slight callosities behind. Carapace ovate, narrowing in front,
gastric area smooth, cardiac area lightly punctate, sides granulate ; anterior
border notched behind the antennas ; cervical groove sinuate, split on the
sides, with a minute terminal branchiostegian spine; no lateral spine; areola
more than one half as long as the distance from the point of the rostrum to
cervical groove, narrow, carinate, expanding into an anterior and a posterior
triangular Held; two longitudinal dotted lines run along the areola from the
.interior triangle to the posterior triangle, which is irregularly and sparsely
dotted. Abdomen broad, shorter than carapace, punctate, posterior margins
!' pleura obliquely convex; hind margin of anterior segment of telson bi- to
multi-deiiliriilate on each side, posterior segment short, hind border almost
straight; median rib of inner plate of swimmeret ends inside of the mar-
gin. I5asal segment of antennule with a spine below. Antenna? shorter than

CAMl'.AIM'S. 49

body, second ;md third segments furnished with minute blunt spinulcs, scale
a trifle longer than the rostrum, very broad, broadest in the middle, truncate
at apex, external terminal spine minute. Anterior process of the epistoma
triangular, antero-lateral borders convex, rimmed, anterior angle truncate or
notched in old specimens, with a projecting median spine. Third maxillipeds
densely hairy within and beneath. Chela long, slender, squamoso-tubercu-
late, internal margin long, straight, strongly dentate ; fingers long, punctate,
external border of movable finger tuberculate, inner border of both fingers
toothed, a prominent tubercle near the base of external finger opposite a
more or less clearly marked incision in the base of the thumb. Carpus
triangular, obliquely truncate, inner margin armed with a stout spine and
some low, scattered tubercles, lower side with two or three teeth and numer-
ous small tubercles. Superior margin of meros with short spines, which
are sometimes obsolescent except the distal ones ; below, the biserial spines
are well developed. Sternum hairy. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair
of abdominal appendages strong, straight, internal part with a very small,
straight apical spine, which does not reach the end of the external part ;
external part with two horny terminal teeth, one of which is flat and disk-
shaped, the other slender and somewhat curved.

Length, 97 mm. Breadth, 27 mm. Length of carapace, 51 mm. Length
of areola, 18 mm. Width of areola, 1.3 mm. Length of rostrum, 11.5 mm.
Length of chela, 50.5 mm.

Male, form II. Chelipeds smaller, hooks on the third pair of legs smaller,
first abdominal appendages without horny teeth at apex.

Female. Chela; smaller and shorter-fingered than in the male ; annulus
ventralis bituberculate in front, each tubercle denticulate.

Kmwn Localities. Texas: Dallas; east of Canadian River (Coll. U. S.
Nat. Mus.). Kansas: Fort Hays.

This species is remarkable in having the general form of body and claw
of the C. BlamJin>/ii group of species, while the fact that only the third pair
of legs are hooked places it in the C. advcna group. The male appendages
and the female annulus are very near to those of C. gntciUs. In the shape of
the body, areola, antennal scale, and claw, it resembles C. Blaitdinyii, var. acida,
but the rostrum is deeply excavated, and toothless even in small specimens.
The full cephalothorax and large abdomen seem to indicate that it is not a
pre-eminently burrowing species, like its allies, C. gracilis, C. advena, etc.

There are specimens in the United States National Museum collected by

50 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

I lie United States Exploring Expedition West of the Hundredth Meridian in
pools east of the Canadian River. This locality, I presume is within the
limits of the State of Texas.

17. Cambarus Mexicanus,

{Cambarus) Mexicanus, ERICTISON, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 99, 1S46.

A:l,'cus, SAUSSURE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2 e Ser., IX. 503, 1857. Mem. Soc. Pliys. Hist. Nat.

Geneve, XIV. 460, PL III. fig. 23, 1853.

Cambarus \I,>.r/i;/aus, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 84, 1870. (After EricLson.)
Cambanti Mi:rii-unns, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 141, 1S84.

Male. Rostrum sub-plane, margins raised into crests gradually con-
verging until within a short distance of the tip, where the crests become
obsolete and the margins of the rostrum suddenly converge, without lateral
spines, to form the short-pointed acumen. Post-orbital ridges parallel, obtuse
in front. Carapace laterally compressed, of nearly equal width throughout,
thickly punctate, sub-orbital angle rounded, cervical groove sinuate, no
lateral spine, branchiostegian spine small, blunt; areola narrow, punctate.
Abdomen as long and broad as the cephalothorax, telson with three or four
small spines on each side, posterior segment short. Antennal scale broad,
broadest in the middle. Chela long, subcylindrical, thickly beset with squa-
inous ciliated granules: fingers about the same length as the hand, ciliate,
granulate, costate. Carpus hardly sulcate above, covered with granules like
the hand ; no teeth on the inner margin. Meros granulate, outer surface
smooth except on the margins and distal end ; a biserial row of spines below.
Third pair of legs hooked. Sternum setose. First pair of abdominal ap-
pendages short, straight, a rectangular shoulder on the anterior margin near
the tip, external and internal parts in close apposition to their tips; external
part furnished with a small, slender, procurved, horny spine; internal part
llaffened within, apex straight, scarcely separated from external part.

Length, 51 mm. Carapace, 25 mm. Length of areola, 8 mm. ; width of

areola. (1.0 nun.

The above description is drawn up from a specimen in the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, received from Mirador, Mexico, through
Dr. Sartorius. The hooks on the third pair of legs are well developed, the
lii>! pair o!' abdominal appendages not articulated. I think there is no doubt
thai this specimen is Erichson's C. M'.rintntix, the types of which could not
> !'"'!iid in the Berlin Museum either by Dr. Hagen or Von Martens.

CAMI'.AIirS. 51

Cinnb/irns Azteciix, as described and figured by Saussure, has a shorter,
flatter hand, and carpus spinous on internal border.* Von Martens (Arch.
Naturgesch., XXXVIII. Jahrg., I. 131) would separate it from C. Mcxicmnix.
Dr. Hagen has kindly given me the following note on the types of Saussure
in the Berlin Museum, which he examined in September, 1870.

" The first form of the male and the female, from Mexico, seem to be
G. M(\cinnni>s Erichs., with nearly cylindrical hands. The second form, with
more flattened hands, belongs alone, then, to Saussure's C. Azteciis. In the
second form the antenna! scale is more broadly truncate in front, and the
rostrum is a little different, but these differences are not striking enough to
preclude the identity."

A sketch of the first form male appendages, made from one of these
types by Dr. Hagen, shows them to be of the same form as in the specimen
I have described above.

The female specimens noticed on page 39 under C. Wiec/manni have a
shorter and broader chela and carpus, the granules on the internal margin
of the carpus assuming the character of spinules. As there are no male
specimens among them, I am not sure that they are not the female of
C. Aztccus Saus. ; but this point, as well as the identity of C. Aztccus and
C. Mcxicanus, I must leave unsettled for lack of material.

Saussure's locality for C. Astecus is, " Les ruisseaux du Mexique. Pris
a Tomatlan, dans les Terres-Chaudes." According to Von Martens (Arch.
Naturgesch., XXXVIII. Jahrg., I. 130) there are specimens in the Berlin
Zoological Museum from Puebla.

o

18. Cambarus Cubensis.

Plate II. fig. 1, Plate VIII. figs. 5, 5, 5 a, 5 a'.

Astacus (Cambarus) Cubeims, EEICHSON, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 100, 1846.

? Cambarus consobrinas, SAUSSUKE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2 e Ser., IX. 101, 1S57- Mem. Soc. Phjs. Hist.

Nat. Geneve, XIV. 457, PI. III. fig. 21, 1858.

r.,imbarns Cubensis, HAGEX, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 85, 1870. (After Erichson.)
<':i,,i/nirits Cubt'iisis, VON MARTENS, Arch. Naturgesch., XXXVIII. Jahrg., I. 129, 1872.
Cambiu-iix < V/Vv/s/.s, PAXOX, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts aud Sci., XX. 142, 1S84.

Male, form I. Kostrum triangular, moderately excavated, acumen short,
acute, small lateral teeth at base of acumen. Anterior end of post-orbital

* " Cambarus Aztecus. Rostre court, arrondi au bout. Carenes laterales obtuses, ne se termiuaut pas
eu ime epine. Carapace ponctuee, granuleuse sur les cotes, a sa portion auterieurc. mais sans {'-pines an bord
du sillon oblique. Mains medicares ou petites, comprimees, fortement granuleuses et ecailleuses ; carpes
ecailleux, armes dc petites epines, en dessous, une double rangee d'epiiies. Pattes de la troisieme paire, chez
le male, armees, a leur base, d'une apophj'se rudimeiitaire. Long., 2 pouces. Mexique."

52 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

spines acute. Carapace laterally compressed, punctate, fore border slightly
.in o-ula ted behind the antenna? ; cervical groove sinuate ; no lateral spine ;
small branchiostegian spine ; areola of moderate width, punctate. Abdo-
men longer than the cephalothorax ; anterior segment of telson with two to
five spines on each side. Epistoma very short, broad, with an anterior spine.
Antennse long, slender ; scale very broad, broadest in the middle, with very
small apical spine. Third maxillipeds hairy within. Chela sub-cylindrical,
long, slender, densely covered with ciliate, squamous, small tubercles ; fingers
slender, with an internal and external longitudinal rib. Carpus cylindroidal,
hardly furrowed above, squamoso-tuberculate like the hand, one or more of
the tubercles on the inner margin spiniform. Meros granulate, with spines
on the lower surface and at the distal end of superior border. Sternum
lanuginose. Third pair of legs with a long, slender hook on the .third joint.
First pair of abdominal appendages short, thick, outer part ending in a blunt
tubercle, bearing a minute horny tooth directed forwards ; the internal part
projects far beyond the hind border of the external part, terminating in a
slender outwardly directed spine ; within, it forms a broad, flat, setose plate ;
the anterior margin of the appendage has a projecting rectangular shoulder
near the tip.

The second form of the male has the hooks on the third legs short and
blunt ; the external part of the first abdominal appendages has a terminal
blunt tubercle in place of the. sharp horny tooth of the first form.

The female has shorter, broader, smoother hands ; annulus composed of a
large anterior bilobed tubercle and a smaller posterior tubercle. In a large
number of the females examined the annulus is hardly at all developed.

Length, 56 mm.

Halilal. Cuba.

Krichson does not describe the male appendages, but Von Martens as-
serts that in Erichson's types in the Berlin Museum these organs have the
same structure as in those described by himself as C. Citbensis from Gund-
lach's Ciilian collections: "Die ersten Abdominalfusse sind eigenthiimlich
gcliildrl ; oliwohl nur aus cinem Stuck bestehend, lassen sich doch gegen ihr
Km Ir /,u y.\vei mit einauder verwachsene Theile unterscheiden, ein ausserer,
iler in eine stumpfe Spitze endigt und dessen Vorderrand nahe derselben
inerklich auschwillt, und ein inuerer, welrher nach hinten den vorigen iiber-
ragt. nach innen eine ebene ovale FTaehe bildet, welche sich an die des
Aiihaiigs dei- vordern Seite anlegt, und an seinem Ende zwei Lappen zeigt,

CAMBARUS. 53

ciiu-n an das Ende des aussern Thcils angelegten und einen zweitcn kiirze-
ren frci nach vorn vorstehcnden, mehr abgerundeten."

It is exceedingly difficult to elucidate the complex structure of these
appendages without the aid of figures; but I think there is no doubt that
Von Martens's description appertains to the species described above by
invself, from specimens collected by Mr. S. Carman near Havana.

Saussure's types of C. consobrinus, also in the Berlin Museum, were ex-
amined by Hagen in 1870, and by Von Martens. They consist of two dry
female specimens. The acumen of the rostrum is longer than in Erichson's
species, and it would seem from Saussure's figure that the lateral spines are
more prominent. Saussure mentions a small lateral spine, sometimes obso-
lete, on the carapace, which does not appear in any of the specimens in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology. In some of the second form males in
the latter collection the chelre are smaller and comparatively smooth, as
Saussure sa}-s was the case in some specimens of his C. consobrinus: " Souvent
les pattes de la premiere paire sont petites et presque sans caracteres, les
doigts sans carenes, ponctues au lieu d'etre tuberculeux. (Ceci se voit snr-
tout chez les males.)" The statement of Saussure, that the second joint of
the third pair of legs is hooked, is undoubtedly an error for third joint. As
the male abdominal appendages are not described by Saussure, it is doubtful
whether his species be the same as Erichson's. According to Von Martens,
specimens in the Berlin Museum make it probable that a second species of
Cambarus inhabits the island of Cuba, a species with a rostrum like C. Cu-
/ii'iix/x, but different sexual appendages.

C. Cnbcnsis finds its nearest kin in C. Me.ricanus. It is distinguished from
that species by its wider areola and toothed rostrum. The male appendages
are similar in form, but the inner part is broader, forming a large oval plate.
The specimens obtained by Mr. Garman were found in creeks in a little town
opposite Havana. According to Saussure, C. consolrituix inhabits stagnant pools
in Cuba.

The Astacus j//ir/,///7i* mnjnr of Sloane's Jamaica, Vol. II. p. 271, PI. 245,
fig. 2, is a Palaemon, and it is probable that the "common crawfish" of the
same author is also a fresh-water prawn. I have seen a specimen of C. affinis
in the Philadelphia Academy's collection, labelled, " Santo Domingo, W. M.
Gabb," but no doubt the locality is erroneous. The only authentic West
Indian Cambari are those found in the island of Cuba.

54 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

19. Cambarus advena.

Astacus advena, LE CONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII. 402, 1855.

Cambarus Carollnns, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 87, PI. I. figs. 51-54, PI. III. fig. 165,

1870.

Cam/jam* ,/,fm/,/, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III., PI. III. fig. 164, PI. VII., 1870.
Cambarus advena, FAXON, Proe. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 140, 1SS4.

There is a female type specimen of Le Conte's Astacus advena in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, and another, also a female, in the col-
lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By some error
Dr. Hagen transposed the descriptions of C. advena and C. Carolinus in his
Monograph, so that his descriptions do not agree with his own types of these
species in the Museum of Comparative Zoology ! He gives, under the name
of C. advena, a full figure of Le Conte's species on Plate VII., and the anten-
nal scale, spine of the second segment of the antenna, and epistoma (from
Le Conte's type in the Philadelphia Academy) on Plate III. fig. 164. The
male appendages, antennal scale, and epistoma are figured on Plate I. figs.
51-54, Plate III. fig. 165, as C. Cnrolinus.

" Habitat in Georgia inferiore. Hyeme vitam degit subterraneam. ^Estate
in fossis invenitur." (Le Conte.)

The type of Le Conte in the Museum of Comparative Zoology has a spine
on the lower side of the first segment of the antennules, as in C. Carolinus.

20. Cambarus Carolinus.

? Astacus (Cambarus) Carolinus, ERICHSON, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 96, 1846.
Camliin-iix adveaa, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 86, PI. I. figs. 90-92, 1870.
i'ini//'iir/ts dn-nl'i mis, HAGEN (as determined by examination of bis type specimen !).
CambaniK Carolinus, FAXON, Proc. Ajncr. Acad. Arts aud Sci., XX. 140, 1884.

For the transposition of the descriptions and part of the figures of C. Caro-
lina* and C. ,lmm. in Hagen's Monograph, see above. Hagen's types of
these two speck's in the Museum of Comparative Zoology are correctly de-
termined. The larger dimensions given by Hagen (p. 86), 2.9 in., are those
given by Le Conte for A*t<>n* :>,lmta.

llagcu's type, labelled "Cambarus Uu-olimts Er.," and described by him

(|>. S(J) as C.mtfwH* n,t/;wi LeC., is a male of the first form (M. C. Z., No.

!-') lYom Charleston, S. C. It dilli-.-s !mm Astacus u,lrcna LeC. as follows.

^ triangular and less ik-Hexed, the cephalothorax more

. 55

compressed from side to side, the carapace loss granulate on the sides, more
sparsely punctate; the branchial regions are more closely apprcssed, so that
they bulge upwards on each side of the arcolar line, which thus comes to lie
in a depression in the median line of the back ; the rnetacarapace is longer
in proportion to the procarapace, the distance from the cervical groove to
the posterior margin of the carapace being equal to the distance from the
cervical groove forwards to the front end of the post-orbital ridge, whilst in
C. advena it falls considerably short of this ; the epistoma is truncate in front,
with a median spine ; in C. advena it is more rounded in front; the antennal
scale is a little wider in front, with shorter apical spine ; the serrate crest
on the inner border of the hand is less prominent, and the lower face of the
hand is less clearly impressed at the base of this crest; the carpus is less
spinulose within and below, and the line of teeth on the superior margin
of the meros is obsolescent, except the two distal ones ; the lateral margins of
the pleura of the abdominal somites are straighter ; the posterior segment of
the telson is shorter, and the spine at the end of the median rib of the inner
blade of the posterior pair of appendages is marginal, while in C. advena this
rib terminates in a spine some distance inside the margin. The first pair
of abdominal appendages are quite different, as will appear by comparison
of the figures on the first plate of Hagen's Monograph, bearing in mind that
the names of the two species are transposed on this plate. The distinctions
noted by Hagen. based on the presence or absence of spines on the lower side
of the first segment of the antennule and at the end of the cervical groove,
are not good, as the former is present in Le Conte's type of C. advena in this
Museum, and the latter is also apparent in most specimens of C. advena. The
statement of Hagen, that " in the larger specimens the hand is more sulcated
beneath at the inner margin, and the carpus more spinulose," probably refers
to Le Conte's type of C. adcena in the Philadelphia Academy.

The female specimen in the same jar with the male just noticed differs
from the male in so many ways, that I doubt whether Hagen has properly
referred it to the same species. Its abdomen is not only very broad, but
longer than the cephalothorax, whilst in the male specimen it is consider-
ably shorter than the cephalothorax. The carapace is not strongly com-
pressed in the lateral direction, is more heavily punctate, the areola is
not impressed, the epistoma is sharply triangular, the antennal scale broader.
The tubercles of the internal border of the hand are less prominent, the
external border of the hand is marginate, instead of being rounded and

56 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

obsoletely serrate, as in the male. The superior border of the meros is
smooth except at the distal end. The terminal spine of the rib on the
inner blade of the swimmerets is inside of the posterior margin. The an-
nul as is quite different from that of the other species of this group, viz.
C. f/rarilix, i/dt'cwi. and siintiltins, and I suspect that this female belongs to a
species of the C. Bartonii group allied to C. Diogenes and argillicola.

All the other specimens in the Museum which are referred to C. Caro-
lina* by Dr. Hagen are small specimens. No. 3308, dry female from Georgia,
L. Agassiz. is certainly C. adeem. No. 3367 (No. 1850 of Hagen), a young
female also from Georgia, resembles C. advenu in most respects, but the anten-
nal scale is too broad near the tip. No. 230, seven young female specimens
from Mobile, Ala,, and No. 275, a very young male from the same locality,
appear to belong to some species of the C. Bartonii group, rather than to the
C. adcena group, the tips of the male appendages being strongly recurved.

I am not certain of the identity of Erichson's species. Hagen examined
Erichson's type (a male of the first form) in Berlin, in 1870, and thought it
was C. Bartunii. Erichson's description, nevertheless, fits the present species
very well. The shape of the carapace, the linear areola, the small abdo-
men, and the crest-like single row of tubercles on the inner side of the
hand, certainly seem to indicate this species rather than C. Bartonii. Erich-
son's type was collected by Dr. Cabanis, who informed Dr. Hagen that all
the Astacidte he procured came from near Greenville in the upper part of
South Carolina. The specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology here
referred to C. Citroliiinx comes from the seaboard at Charleston. The form
of the male appendages of Erichson's type would at once prove or disprove
ils identity with C. Bur/oin'i. If it be the same, the species under consider-
ation must receive a new name, C. Hagenianus. The unispinous telson of
Erichson's type is probably an abnormal condition, not a specific character.

21. Cambarus gracilis.

Plate VIII. figs. 4, 4', 4" (flrst abdominal appendages of male).

(Jamba Hull. 111. IUns. Nat. Hist., No. I. p. 5, 1876. Trans. AVis. Acad. Sci., V. 182,

3882. Gcol. \\ i-.. Sun-. .,r IS73-79, I. 403, ]ss:i.
ana i/r<i<-ili*. F<ii:ni:s, I'.ull. 111. Mus. NM. Hist., No. I. y>. IS, 1876.

tracilis, l'\\n\, IVnr. \IIHT. Arail. Arts and Sci., XX. 141, ISSt.

Male, form I. liostruin of moderate length, depressed, broad, excavated,
I'nveolale :it base : margins raised, punctate, slightly converging from the

CAML'.AUUS. 57

base to near the tip, where they suddenly converge to form the .short, acute,
broadly triangular acumen ; the acumen is slightly margined. Post-orbital
ridges unarmed in front, with posterior callosities. Cephalothorax long, lat-
erally compressed. Carapace smooth and sparsely punctate above, granular
on the sides ; cervical, groove sinuate, uo branchiostegian spine ; sub-orbital
angle moderately developed, rounded ; areola linear, with a small anterior
and a larger posterior triangular space. Abdomen shorter than the cephalo-
thorax by the length of the rostrum, lateral margins of the pleurje nearly
straight, basal segment of the telson one- or two-spined on each side, poste-
rior segment short, rounded ; rib on inner blade of the swimmeret ends
inside the margin. Basal segment of antennule with a spine beneath. An-
tenna? short, scale short and of moderate width. Epistoma triangular, sides
convex and setose, anterior angle truncate in some specimens. Third max-
illipeds furnished with long hairs within. Chela broad, inflated, punctate,
squamoso-tuberculate on the inner part of the upper face of the hand ;
inner margin of hand serra to-dentate ; fingers laterally compressed, punc-
tate ; movable finger tuberculate on the outer margin at the base ; inner
margins of fingers tuberculate. Carpus triangular, obliquely truncate, armed
on the internal side with a long strong tooth and one or two smaller teeth
and low tubercles ; on the lower face there are a small external spine, a
strong median anterior spine, and two or three small tubercles between the
median spine and the internal tooth. Distal half of superior margin of
meros tuberculate, lower face biserially spinulose. Third pair of legs hooked.
Sternum hairy. First pair of abdominal appendages long, slender, twis'ted ;
internal part cylindrical, straight, apex acute, longer than internal part, bent
somewhat outward ; external part truncate, terminated by two horny teeth.

Length, 80 mm. Carapace, 45 mm. Width of carapace, 20 mm. Length
of metacarapace, 19 mm.

Female. Abdomen broader, annulus ventralis composed of two cres-
cents flattened and interlocked behind, the anterior horn of each crescent
making a prominent denticulated tubercle.

I have not seen the second form of the adult male. Very yoiing males
have the first pair of abdominal appendages unarmed at the tip. In the
larger male specimens the movable finger is somewhat excised at the base
within, and the index has a very prominent tubercle opposite the excision.
In j-ounger specimens the antennal scale is broader and more convex within
than in mature specimens. Very .young ones, taken from the parent, have

58 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

long, slender antennae, and the areola is not reduced to a line in the middle,
as it is in larger specimens.

C. gracilis has much the general habit of C. Diogenes of the same region,
but the male appendages are formed 'after the fashion of the C. Blandiiigii
group. The annulus ventralis of the female is also quite different from that
of C. Diogenes. Apart from the sexual characters, it is distinguished from
C. Diogenes by the very prominent single row of teeth on the inner border 1
of the hand, the narrower cephalothorax, etc. It agrees very closely with
the male specimen from Charleston, referred by me to C. Carolinus Erichs.
(p. 54), described by Hagen on page 86, under the name of C. advena. The
Western species differs, however, in the rostrum, which is more sharply angu-
lated at the base of the acumen, the fore border of the carapace is angulated,
the carpus and meros are more spiny, the rib on the internal lamina of
the swimmeret terminates in a spine inside the margin. The male appendages
are like those of G. Carolinus. It differs from C. advena in the male appen-
dages and shape of rostrum. The annulus ventralis of the female is much
like that of C. advena, but in that species the anterior tubercles are not
sharply multi-denticulate, as in G. gracilis. The female of C. Carolinus has
probably not yet been made known. (See p. 55.) The female specimen
(M. C. Z. Cat., No. 3453) mentioned by Hagen, page 82, as an abnormal
specimen of C. obesus, is C. gracilis.

According to Dr. P. R. Hoy, C. gracilis burrows in the clay in the prairies
near Racine, Wis. ; and Professor Forbes states that it is very common along
water-courses, in early spring, in the neighborhood of Normal, 111. Mr. H.
Carman informs me that, among hundreds examined from such localities, he
has not found a dozen males. Other localities are Lawn Ridge, 111., Athens,
111., and Davenport, la. There is a type specimen, male form I., received
from Professor Bundy, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

CAMliARUS. 59

GROUP III. (Tvi-u, C. Bartonii.)

Third sci/nient of third jiitir of le/j\ hooked. First pair of abdominal appcn-
nf Ilif male thick, the inner and outer parts each terminating in a short
recurred tooth.

The moi'e typical forms of this group have no lateral teeth on the ros-
trum, but in C. cxtrancus, Jbrdani, Girardianus, cornutus, and hamulatus, lat-
eral rostral teeth are present. Of these five, only C. cxtrancus was known
to Dr. Hagen, Avho placed it on account of the rostral teeth, as an aber-
rant species in the C. affinis group. I think the structure of the male ap-
pendages is of much greater value in determining the subordinate groups
of Cambarus than the form of the rostrum, which presents every condition
between one with well-developed lateral teeth and one with entire margins.
C. cornutus is peculiar in the enormous development of the antennal flagella.
C. hamulatus, like C. pcttucidus in Group I., is blind. It has slender chelae, and
resembles C. pcUucidus a good deal in its general form.

(" Areola broad. Rostrum long, tapering ....... C. acuminatus.

Areola of moderate width ............ C. Bartonii, C. latimanus.

Rostrum without I , ,

1 I I ^- reo ' a uarrow ................ C. duLiits.

( Rostrum excavated above . C. Diogenes, C.argillicola.

I Arcola obliterated in the middle. j Rostrum plane above . . C. Uhleri,

. 1 1 nee rise sedis . . . . C. Neurasccnsis.

Rostrum with ( Eyes well developed. I Antemuc of llormal sizc ' C ' Giranlianus, C. Jordani, C. ertra^s.
,,,,., 4 [ Antennae with large flagclluin, ciliate ou inner side. C. cornutus.

I Eyes rudimentary .................. C. hamulatus.

22. Cambarus Bartonii.

? Astacus Bartonii, FABRICICS, Suppl. Entomolog. Systcmat., p. 407, 1798.

? Astacus Bartonii, Bosc, Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces, II. 62, PI. XI. fig. 1, 1802. (2d ed., II. 40,

PI. XL fig. 1, 1830.)
? Astacus Bartonii, LATREILLE, Hist. Nat. Gen. ct Partic. dcs Crustaces et des Insectes, VI. 2-10, 1803.

(After Fabriciiis.)

Ax/dcii/t c.Uiaris, RAFINESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag. and Orit. Rev., II. 42, Nov. 1817.
? Asia, -in piixillns, RAJIXESQUE, Amer. Monthly Mag. and Grit. Rev., II. 42, Nov. 1817
Astacus Bartonii, SAT, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I. 167, Dee. 1.817.

? Antaeus Bin-loidi-, DESMAREST, Consid. Gen. sur la Classe des Crusfaces, p. 212, 1S25. (After Fabricius.)
AX/HI'IIX Biii-tunii, HARLAN, Med. and Phys. Researches, p. 230, fig. 3, 1S35.
Astacus nffhiis, MILNE EDWARDS, Hist. Nat. Crust., II. 332, 1837.
Astacus Bartonii, GOULD, Rep. Invert. Mass., p. 330, 1841.

Astacus Bartonii, THOMPSON, Hist. Vermont, Part I. p. 170, 1842. (With a worthless cut.)
Astacus tturtn.iii, DE KAY, Zoology of New York, Part VI., Crustacea, p. 22, PI. VIII. fig. 25, 1844.
Cambcn-us Bfir/onii, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 88, 1852. (No description.)

00 A REVISION (>F THE

Cambarus montanus, GIRARD, Proc. Acnd. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VI. 88, 1S52.
, lonffulttl, (iiRARD, Proc. Acad. Xal. Sci. Pliila., VI. 90, 1852.
, GIRAKD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila., VI. 90, 1852.

Bartonii, H.U;K-V, 111. Cat, Mus. Cornp. Zool., No. III. p. 75, PI. I. figs. 47-50, PI. II. figs. 135-
189, II. III. fig. 166,1870.

'.rtrits Jiarlunii, ABBOTT, Amor. Naturalist, VII. 80, 18/3. (Habits.)
<anu Jlnrinaii, SMITU, Hop. U. S. Cornm. Fish aixl Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 639, 1874. (No

description.)
Cambartts Bartoaii, Urxpy, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 183, 1882. Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-1879, I. 403,

isvi. (Cited from Hagcn.)
inw Hiir/iiiiii, FAXON, Proc. Auier. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 22, 1SS4.

Known Localities. Dominion of Canada: St. John, N. B. ; Montreal,
P. Q. (?) Maine : Houlton and Maysville, Aroostook Co. (Coll. Bowdoin
Coll.) ; Madison, Somerset Co. (Coll. Colby Univ.). Vermont : Burlington,
Colchester, and Shelburne, Chittenden Co. Massachusetts : North Graf-
ton, Worcester Co.; Williamstown, Berkshire Co. New York: Lake Cham-
plain; Ellenburg, Clinton Co. (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.); Westport (Coll.
Yale Coll.) and Elizabethtown, Essex Co. ; Fulton Lakes, Hamilton and
Herkimer Cos. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Canton, St. Lawrence Co. (Coll. L. A.
Lee) ; Port Jervis and Newburg (Rafinesque), Orange Co. ; Fishkill, Duchess
Co. (Rafinesque) ; Fallsburg, Sullivan Co. ; Sherburne, Chenang-o Co. (Coll.
Yale Coll.) ; Cazenovia, Madison Co. ; Ithaca, Tompkins Co. (Coll. Yale Coll.) ;
Berkshire, Tioga Co. ; Genesee River, Rochester, Monroe Co. ; Niagara, Niag-
ara Co. ; Forestville, Chautauqua Co. New Jersey : Schooley's Mountain ;
Orange (Coll. Yale Coll.) ; Trenton (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.). Pennsylvania :
Bedford and Pattonville, Bedford Co. ; Windham, Bradford Co. ; Hummels-
town, Dauphin Co. (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.) ; Carlisle, Cumberland Co. (Coll.
U. S. Nat. .Mus.); Berwick, Columbia Co. (Girard) ; Schuylkill River, near
Philadelphia ; Chester Co. (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Bainbridge, Lancas-
ter Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); McKean Co. (S. I. Smith) ; Foxburg, Clarion
Co. (Girard). Maryland : Harforcl Co. ; Howard Co. ; Montgomery Co. (Coll.
1'. I!. Ulilrr); Frederick Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; Washington Co. ; Garrett
Co.; Ciimbi'i'Iand. Alleghany Co. (Girard). District of Columbia: above
\Ya~hi. i-ion : i;,,,..k Civck, Georgetown. Virginia : Clarke Co. (Coll. U. S.
Nat. MHS.); Alexandria Co.; Franklin, Southampton Co. ; tributaries of Rap-
piili.-mm.rk River, Siallonl Co.; James River (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ;
tributaries of James River, l!..<-U.rid..-.' Co. (Girard) ; Lunenburg, Lunenburg
Co. (Coll. L. A. Lee); Hath Co.; I!,-,-,! Creek, wesl ui' Wytlu-ville,.Wythe
<'.. : H..NI..M IJiv.T. Smyth Co. (Coll. t". S. Nat. Mus.). Wi-st Virginia: Wil-
liamsport, Granl Co.; Snuih Hram-li of Potomac River ; Glade Creek (Ran-

CAMBARUS. 61

dolph or Tucker Co. ?) ; Patterson's Creek ; Petroleum, Ritchie Co. ; near
White Sulphur Springs, Greeubrier Co. ; branch of Clinch River, northern
base of Clinch Mountains. North Carolina : Kinston ; Newman's Fork, Blue
Uidge, McDowell Co. Ohio: Marietta (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist); Cincin-
nati; Yellow Springs; Scioto River, Columbus. Indiana: New Albany ; Fall
Creek, Indianapolis (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.). Lake Superior. Kentucky :
Cumberland Gap, Josh Bell Co.; Smoky Creek, Carter Co.; Kentucky River,
Little Hickman, Jessamine Co.; Hickman's Landing; Bear Creek, Grayson
Springs, Grayson Co. ; Mammoth Cave, Edmonson Co. Tennessee : Line-
ville Cave, near Blountsville, Sullivan Co. ; Doe River, Carter Co. (Coll.
U. S. Nat. Mus.); Knoxville. Missouri: Osage River (?).

YAK. robusta.

rui ,;il>n.xtits, GIRABD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VI. 90, 1S52.

Cambans rohutus, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. SO, PI. III. fig. 167, 1870.
Cambarus rolrustus, SMITH, Rep. U. S. Comra. jfisli and Fisheries for 1872 arid 1873, p. 639, 1874. (Cited

from Ilageu. No description.)
f./tfus robust us, FAXON, Proc. Araer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 113, 1S84.

Known Localities. Dominion of Canada : H umber River (Coll. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila.) and Don River, Toronto, and Indian Creek, Weston, Province of
Ontario. New York : Forestville, Chautauqua Co. ; Genesee River, Roch-
ester, Monroe Co. ; Sodus, Wayne Co. ; tributaries of Racket River, near
Tupper's Lake, St. Lawrence Co. (Coll. L. A. Lee); Canton, St. Lawrence
Co. (Coll. L. A. Lee); Fulton Lakes, Hamilton and Herkimer Cos. (Coll.
U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co. (Coll. C. H. Merriam).
Maryland : Montgomery Co. (Coll. P. R. TJhler). Yirginia : Fredericksburg,
Spottsylvauia Co. Illinois : Decatur, Macon Co. (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).
Tennessee ? (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).

In the Museum of Comparative Zoology there is a specimen of C. Bar-
Innii (Cat. No. 3358) labelled " Charleston, S. C. ? " and three specimens (No.
1101) in the same jar with an Alpheus are marked "Pico, Azores, Miss 0.
Dabney, May 23, 1860." The latter locality, at any rate, is probably erro-
neous. Hagen states (p. 77) that he has seen a specimen from Georgia ; and
I find in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History this species
in the same bottle with a Pagurus and Hyas coarcfatits, labelled " Savannah,
Ga., Dr. H. Bryant." The presence of the marine forms, especially the
Northern Hyas, casts doubt on the correctness of the label. The locality
label, " Osage River," is marked by Dr. Hagen as being very doubtful.

62

A REVISION OF THE

The centre of distribution of this common Eastern species seems to be
the Appalachian Mountain system in Pennsylvania, and the Susquehanna
mid Delaware Rivers with their tributary streams. To the northward from
this region it is found throughout the State of New York, in the basins of
the Susquehanna, Delaware, Hudson, and St. Lawrence Rivers. I have seen
Massachusetts specimens from Williamstown, Berkshire Co. (Hudson River
basin), and from Grafton, Worcester Co. (Blackstone River basin). The
Crat'ton specimens were lately collected by Mr. L. W. Sargent, in a clear,
cold spring. I have been unable to obtain any specimens from Rhode
Island or Connecticut, but Prof. E. P. Larkin informs me that about forty
years ago crayfishes (C. Bartoniil) were not uncommon at Westerly, R. I., on
the Pawcatuck River near the border of Connecticut. Vermont specimens
have been received from Chittenden Co. on Lake Champlain. According to
Zadock Thompson, C. Bartonii is very common in many of the small streams
in the western part of the State. In the State of Maine, it occurs in the
valleys of the St. John, Kennebec, and Penobscot.* I have myself seen
specimens from Houlton and Maysville, Aroostook Co. (St. John valley),
and from Madison, Somerset Co. (Kennebec valley). Other localities in the
State from which crayfishes (probably C. Bartonii} have been reported are
the following: Heron Lake (Thoreaut) and Churchill Lake (A. S. Packard) on
Allegash River, a tributary of the St. John ; Moosehead Lake and Solon in
the Kennebec valley (fide Wm. Elder) ; Lobster Pond (see Thoreau, Maine
Woods, p. 99) and Patten in the Penobscot valley. Professors Yen-ill and
Smith, who have explored the neighborhood of Norway, Oxford Co., in the
Amlroscoggin valley, are confident that no Cambari are found in that part of
the State. The easternmost point from which C. Barhndi has been received
is St. John, New Brunswick.

To the westward, C. Bnrtoml extends into the valley of the Ohio River
and its tributaries, in the States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia,
Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee.

Southerly its range involves the area drained by the rivers that debouch
into Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland and Virginia. From North Carolina I
have seen speeimens collected in the mountain region of the western part of
the Slate (McDowell Co.), and at Kinston in the eastern part of the State

Si. .luliii Mini lYiiuliM'ni are connected In a canal from Tclos Lake to Webster Pond, and the
tier of the Penobscol ami the Kennebec is so low that it is said that in very wet
ingle. (See Tliorrau, Maim' \Vomls, pp. 36, 250.)

I M uur \V,.!.,i

CAMP.AEUS. 63

(Nense River basin). It is doubtfully reported from South Carolina and
Georgia ; but its place seems to be largely taken in those States by the
nearly related C. httirmtniis. Lake Superior and Osage River are isolated
Western localities from which C. Barlonii is reported.

As a rule, C. Brlouii prefers the cooler waters of mountain regions or
uplands, while the clay bottoms and marshes, both on the east coast and in
the Western prairie country, afford the related C. Dioyencs. According to Dr.
C. C. Abbott, C. Bartonii in the neighborhood of Trenton, N. J., burrows in
the muddy banks of ditches, small streams, and of the Delaware River. He
says: " The burrows of Ctunbarus Bartonii, so far as we have discovered them,
have all been in the banks of the smaller streams and meadow ditches (and
occasionally a colony of burrows in the river bank, where peculiarly favor-
able), a little below the usual water line." It is not, however, pre-eminently
a burrowing species, like its cousin, C. Diogenes, being more commonly found
under the stones in clear streams and in springs. In the U. S. National
Museum are young specimens found in a spring in Clarke Co., Va., the
temperature of whose water is 67 F. The observations of Dr. Godman*
upon the habits of a burrow-dwelling species probably relate to C. Bartonii.

According to Dr. John Sloan, of New Albany, Ind., C. Bartonii is found
in ponds and still water in that locality, C. Sloanii being the common form
in the running streams.

The well-known occurrence of C. Baiionii with well-developed eyes in
the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky is mentioned on p. 41. Mr. A. R. Crandall
has also collected it in Lineville Cave, near Blountsville, Tenn.

As might be expected in a species with such an extended geographical
range, C. Bartonii is subject to considerable variation. The variations affect
especially the rostrum, areola, antennal scale, epistoma, and chelte. In the
common Eastern form, the rostrum is short, broad, nearly plane above, the
sides nearly parallel from the base to near the tip, where they suddenly
converge to form the short acumen. The antennal scale is narrow. The
areola is rather narrow, with two or three longitudinal rows of impressed
dots. The chelae are coarsely punctate, the internal margin of the hand sub-
tuberculate, the fingers gaping at base. To the westward, in the Alleghany
Mountain region of Virginia, and in the Ohio River basin, specimens are
found in which the rostrum is longer and narrower, the margins converging

* Rambles of a Naturalist, with a Memoir of the Author, Dr. John D. Godman, p. 42. Philadelphia,
1859. (Republishcd from " The Friend.")

ill A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

more gradually to form the longer acumen. The areola is wider and more
punctated, the antennal scale broader at the tip. This is the form described
bv (Jirard under the name of C. montamis. From this form we easily pass
to oue with a still more elongated rostrum, hand and fingers scarcely tuber-
culated, external finger bearded within at the base, antennal scale truncate
at the end, with the inner margin straight and parallel to the outer one.
The epistoma is short and transverse. This form I have called C. Bartomi,
var. loiiffiros/r/s. It is perhaps the same as Girard's Cambanis lonyulus (see
p. CO). My specimens come from Eastern Tennessee and West Virginia.
Three from Cumberland Gap have a well-marked lateral spine on the cara-
pace. There are so many varieties connecting this one with the more typical
forms with a short rostrum, that I cannot regard it as a distinct species.

Even among those with the short quadrangular rostrum there is consider-
able variation, the upper surface of the rostrum being more or less hollowed
out and the margins thickened, and the areola of variable width. From one
locality, Cincinnati, Ohio, come three forms which are readily distinguishable
from each other. In one of these (M. C. Z., No. 267) the rostrum is sub-
quadrangular, the antennal scale narrow, and the areola narrow (2 mm. in
a specimen 75 mm. long) with two longitudinal lines of dots. This comes
very near the common Eastern form, but the rostrum is more excavated
above. In another form (M. C. Z., No. 288) the rostrum is also quadrangu-
lar, but the areola is broad (4 mm. in a specimen 91 mm. long) and thickly
sown with dots. The cervical groove is more sinuate, the post-orbital ridge
shorter. The third form (M. C. Z., No. 243) has a somewhat longer and
more tapering rostrum, an almost linear areola, antennal scale broad near
the tip. and a shorter and more conical hand. This form approaches C. laii-
iiH/iiiix, and may be a distinct species from C. Burtnuil.

In specimens from the Mammoth Cave, the antennae are extremely long
(I. 1 , times as long as the body), the antennal scale broad and sub-truncate
at the end ; the mctararapace is very long, and a lateral spine is evident.
Tin- n KIP/I IK of the rostrum are angulated at the base of the acumen, in
yoiin-- r-pecimeus even toothed. The terminal segment of the telson is oval.
The largest specimen from the cave, a male of the first form, measures
Ji)S nun. frum tip of rostrum to posterior border of telson.

Faliricins's description of AX/</<-H.-< /inr/tnifi is as follows :-
A. thoraee hevi. rosfro hre\i. aeuminato, carpis dentatis.

llahitat in America boreali. Prof. Smith Barton.

CAMBAKUS. 65

" A. fluviatili minor. Thorax laevis, punctatus, lateribus antice parum
scabris. Rostrum breve, plan urn, apice acuminatum. Clielte sex, anticis
majoribus, bracbiis serratis, carpis dentatis, manibus ovatis, kevibus, punc-
tatis, reliquiis quatuor filiformibus."

As Dr. Barton lived in Philadelphia, the specimen sent by him to
Fabrieius was. probably the species now commonly known as C. Bartonii.

Bosc's type probably came from South Carolina, as Desrnarest asserts,
and may have been some other species. His figure is too defective for
identification.

Rafmesque's A. ciliaris, from Fishkill, Newburg, etc., N. Y., is without
doubt this species, and his description of A. jntsillus is probably based on
small specimens of the same species. It runs thus: "Antens length of the
thorax, rostrum oval acute, a thorn and a longitudinal angle behind each
eye ; three pairs of pinciferous feet, hands of the first oblong dotted, wrist
smooth. Obs. A very small species, living in the brooks near Saratoga, Lake
George, Lake Champlain, Utica, Oswego, etc. Length one or two inches ;
vulgar name, brook prawn, shrimp, or lobster ; entirely fulvous brown."

Say's description was evidently drawn up from this species, although his
supplemental remarks on page 443, where he says it is extremely common
in the pine-barren marshes of the Southern States, particularly Georgia and
Florida, probably relate to some other species.

Milne Edwards, misled by the transposition of the numbers of Harlan's
figures, has described C. ciffinis under the name of A. Bartonii ; C. Bartonii
(or a closely related species), under the name of A. affinis.

The Museum of Comparative Zoology contains specimens of G. latimanus
from South Carolina, labelled A. Bartonii by Dr. Lewis R. Gibbes, and in the
collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia are speci-
mens of C. rusticits, var. placida, also labelled A. Bartonii by the same writer.
The localities given by Gibbes for A. Bartonii, therefore, cannot be taken
as belonging to this species.

Eriehson's types of C. Bartonii in the Berlin Museum were examined by
Dr. Hagen in 1870. They are a male, form II., and a young female, and
according to Dr. Hagen both are C. latimanus. They were collected by Caba-
nis in upper South Carolina. Eriehson's type of C. Carotimis, also from South
Carolina, appeared to Dr. Hagen to be C. Bartonii, but the description of
Erichson agrees much better with the species formerly referred to C. Caro-
linus by Hagen.

66 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

Girard does not describe his C. Bartonii, but cites as synonymous A. Bar-
ton!: of Fabricius, Latreille, Bosc, Say, Harlan, and Gould, and A. ciliaris of
Rafincsque. His localities are Foxburg, Carlisle, and Berwick, Pa. Hagen
examined a specimen from the latter locality, communicated by Stimpson,
undoubtedly one of Girard's types. This specimen agreed perfectly with
Haven's C. Bartonii from the Schuylkill River. There is now in the col-
lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia a dry female
specimen labelled " C. Burtcmlil Cohaxie [Coxsackie?]," in the same hand-
writing as the other species of Girard mentioned on page 11. It is the
typical Eastern form of G. Bartonii, with two longitudinal rows of dots in the
areola, narrow antennal scale, and short, quadrangular rostrum.

Girard also describes C. montamis, sp. nov., C. longulus, sp. nov., C pusittus,
sp. nov., and C. robnstits (Raf). The types of C. montamis came from the
Alleghany regions in Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. A young
second-form male type from Greenbrier River. W. Va., was compared by
Hagen, and deemed identical with C. Bartonii The young male in the Phila-
delphia Academy, labelled " C. montamis ? James River, Va.," said by Hagen
to be identical with the type of C. montamis, has been examined by me. The
rostrum is more oval than in the common form of C. Bartonii, the antennal
scale broader near the tip, the areola more punctate, with the dots irregu-
larly disposed over the whole field of the areola. It cannot be separated
specifically from C. Bartonii.

The type of C. Zoni/ithtx, from the Middle States, was also examined by
Dr. Hagen, and thought to be a deformed specimen of C. Bartonii. " The
fingers are cylindrical, very widely separated at the base, and bearded in
this place and inside of the external finger, along the basal half. .... The
other differences quoted by Mr. Girard, and taken from the shape of the
rostrum and the breadth of the areola, are not important enough to warrant
a specific separation." According to Girard's description the areola is very
l>n>ad. the rostrum much narrower and longer than in C. Bartonii and slightly
concave on the sides. The specimens described above under the name of
C. Bar/nun, var. /iif/irx/rix. perhaps are the same form as C. longulus. They

e with (iirard's description in the length of the rostrum, and the ex-
ternal linger is bearded within in accordance with Hagen's description of
(iirard's type.

(iirard's type of C. jmsillus came from the stomach of n Lota macitlosa taken
in Lake Ontario three miles from shore, off Oswego, N. Y. Compared with

67

C. winitniiiix, the antcmuu were longer, tlie rostrum was more tapering and
terininated in a more elongated point, and the areol.i narrower. This was
probably a form of O. Butiomi, whether identical with Rafinesque's C. /ni-
,v///-v or no is doubtful.

C. i-d/ntx/itx Girard, not an uncommon form in the St. Lawrence valley
about Lake Ontario, is so near to C. Bartonii that it is best treated as a
variety of that species. The differences are sufficiently pointed out by
Hagen on page 80 of the Monograph of the North American Astacidne.
They are hardly greater than in some of the varieties of C. Bartonii noticed
above. Both forms, C. robnstus and the typical C. Bartonii., are found to-
gether in some parts of New York State. A male specimen in the collection
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, from Humber River,
Toronto, is probably one of Girard's types. There is a male specimen from
Decatur, 111., in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, and
two small specimens from Tennessee, Dr. Curtis, which appear to be C. ><>-
/i/tx/ttx. In the Philadelphia Academy there is also a young specimen from
Florida that resembles G. robnstus, but the antenna! scale is broader at the
tip. C. Bartonii, var. rofaista, is also found in Virginia. I have seen speci-
mens 86 millimeters in length.

The first abdominal appendage of the male C. Bartonii, var. robusta, is
figured by Brocchi, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6 Ser., Zool. et Paleontol., II., PL XIII.
fig. 15.

In the Report on the Crustacea of the United States Exploring Expe-
dition (Pt. I. p. 525, PI. XXXIII. fig. 2) Dana describes and figures as
Astacns ( Cambarus) Bartonii a crayfish of uncertain locality, " possibly from
Brazil." It is clearly not Cambarus Barton//', neither is it the same as the
Brazilian Parastacine crayfish in the Museum of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, as Hagen suggests (p. 11). I have not been able
to find Dana's type in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution.

23. Cambarus acuminatus.

Plate III. Bg. 5, Plate VIII. figs. 6 a, 6 a'.

Cambarus acuminafus, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 113, 1884.

Rostrum long, tapering, ending in a long, sharp acumen, without lateral
spines ; upper surface smooth, somewhat hollowed out, margins punctate,
ciliate, raised into low sharp crests. Post-orbital ridges with sharp anterior

68

A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

spines. Carapace smooth, punctate, granulated on the sides, cervical groove
sulrutr. sinuate ; a sharp lateral and branchiostegian spine; suborbital angle
rounded; an irregular indentation on the side of the carapace, below the lat-
eral spine, on the hepatic region and anterior part of the branchial region ;
areola broad, smooth, punctate, less than half as long as the distance from
the tip of the rostrum to the cervical groove. Telson bispinose on each
side. Epistoma triangular, angles rounded. Second and third segments of
the antenna) with a strong sharp spine ; scale of moderate length, rather
broad, inner margin rounded, outer margin thick, turned outwards at the
tip. Third maxillipeds haiiy within. Chela moderate, punctate, serrato-
tuberculate on internal border, fingers setose on their inner margins, ex-
ternal border of outer finger submarginate. Carpus armed with a strong
internal spine and smaller inferior median and external spines. Meros with
well-developed biserial spines below, and two obliquely placed near the dis-
tal end of the superior border. In some specimens one of the superior pair
is obsolete. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages
as in C. Bai'tonii.

Length, 48 mm. Carapace, 23 mm. Rostrum, 6 mm. Areola, 7 mm.
Breadth of areola, 2 mm.

Saluda River, west of Greenville, S. C. Collected by Prof. D. S. Jor-
dan. Three specimens, one male of the second form, two females. For the
opportunity to examine these I am indebted to Prof. 0. P. Hay of Butler
Tuiversity, Irvington, Ind. Differs from the other species of the C. Bar-
lanii group in its long, gradually tapering rostrum, short metacarapace,
strongly developed spines of carapace, antennae, and meros. The acumen
of the rostrum is scarcely upturned at the tip.

Specimens from North Carolina, Old Fort, McDowell Co., and French
Broad River (in Mus. Comp. Zolil. and Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.), differ from
the above in having the rostrum flatter and less attenuated at the tip, a
shorter antennal scale, sub-orbital angle produced into a sharp spine. These
iii;iv prove to be a distinct species from the Saluda River specimens.
T!u-y approach C. I>itr/n//, var. robusta, but may be distinguished from that
I'onn liy the longer-pointed rostrum, shorter metacarapace, better-developed
spines, etc.

OAMHARUS. (Hi

24. Cambarus latimanus.

Plate II. HR. 3.

? Antaeus (<_\ii,il><ifi'x) K,i,-t,iii, ERICIISOX, Arch. Naturgescli., XT I. Jalirg., I. 97, 1846.

AX/HI-IIX lti/i,,iiiuns, 1/K CONTK, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VII. W-2, 1855.

r,,,,,//,v/.v latimanus, KAGKN, 111. Cat. Mas. Comp. /,u<31., No. III. p. 83, PI. I. figs. 43-46, PI. III. fig. 102,

1870
Cambanu latimanus, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts aiid Sci., XX. 114, 1SS4.

l\,/n/i'ti IjH'ti/iiii'ii. South Carolina : near Columbia (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ;
near Greenville (Coll. Berlin Mus., ieste Hagen). Georgia: Athens; Milleclge-
ville; Roswell. Alabama: Blount Spring and Cullman, Sand Mountain; near
Bridgeport (var.). Mississippi : Ocean Springs. Tennessee : near Ashland
City, Cheatham Co. (var.).

Erichson's types of C. Burionii in the Berlin Museum were examined by
Dr. Hagen in September, 1870. They consist of a male of the second form
and a 3'oung female collected by Cabanis in the upper part of South Caro-
lina, near Greenville. Hagen considered them both to be young C. latinia-
ni/x. A large C. Diogenes, from St. Louis, Mo., with a deformed rostrum, in
the same museum, was also labelled Aslacus Bartonii by Erichson.

There is a type, male form I., of Le Conte's A. latiniaiws in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, and another, a female, in the Philadelphia Academy.
Two specimens from South Carolina in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
were received from Dr. Lewis R. Gibbes as "As/ncu-y Bartonii Fab."

One male specimen, in the same jar with C. Icdimanus, from Athens, Ga.,
has a rather broad areola, and seems to be a form of C. Bartonii, rather than
of C. Idimniinx.

Mr. C. L. Herrick collected small specimens at Ocean Springs, Miss., on
the Gulf of Mexico, which appear to be this species, but its favorite habitats
are the higher regions at a distance from the coast.

In specimens from Blount Spring and Cullman, Ala., the areola is some-
what narrower than in the types from Georgia ; and in those received
through the U. S. National Museum from Bridgeport, Jackson Co., Ala., and
Ashland City, Cheatham Co., Tenn., the areola is almost reduced to a line in
the middle, the metacarapace is longer in proportion to the procarapace, the
fingers are shorter, the tuberculation of the hand weaker, the epistoma
narrower and less sharply truncate. In the typical specimens from Georgia
the distance from the cervical groove to the hind margin of the carapace
is equal to the distance from the cervical groove forwards to the middle of

A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

the post-orbital ridges. In the form from Bridgeport and Ashland City it is
equal to the distance from the cervical groove forward to the anterior spines
of the post-orbital ridge.

25. Cambarus dubius.

Plate IV. fig. 3, Plate VIII. tigs. 7, T.

(Inbius, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 114, 1884.

Rostrum short, broad, sides subparallel from the base to near the tip,
when they suddenly converge to form the short, broadly triangular acu-
men ; the rostrum is angulated, but not toothed, at the base of the acumen ;
upper surface of rostrum concave, sides thickened, punctate-lined. Post-
orbital ridges without spines, slightly swollen at the posterior end. Cara-
pace longer than the abdomen, oval, punctate, granulated on sides, posterior
dorsal margin depressed, cervical groove hardly sinuate, crossing the median
line of the back half-way between the base of the rostrum and the poste-
rior margin of the carapace ; lateral and branchiostegian spines obsolete ;
sub-orbital angle little developed, obtuse ; areola narrow, with two irregu-
lar longitudinal rows of clots. Epistoma subquadrangular. Abdomen small,
short ; anterior segment of telson bispinose on each side, posterior segment
rounded behind. Antennas shorter than the body, second and third segments
without spines, scale small. External maxillipeds hairy within. Chela punc-
tate, inner margin of hand serrato-tubercnlate, outer margin thickened,
serrate ; fingers somewhat down-curved, slightly gaping, toothed on their
opposed margins. Carpus with a strong tooth on the inner side, teeth of
the lower side obsolescent. Superior border of meros serrate, lower side
armed with two rows of spines. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of
abdominal logs of the first form of the male short, thick, twisted; internal
part cylindrical, recurved, with pointed apex; external part broader, plane
within, ape\- recurved, compressed, external margin corneous, striated.

length, <12 mm. Carapace, 33.5 mm. Abdomen, 28.5 mm. Rostrum,
') mm. Metararapaee. I "> nun. Width of areola, 1.0 mm.

l\',i<:/r,i l.i,i;ilili,'x. \Ye-i Virginia: Cranberry Summit, Preston Co. Vir-
ginia: Pennington's Gap, Lee Co. Tennessee: Cumberland Gap.

This species lias (lie general appearance of C. Diogenes, but the rostrum
in (.'. J>/-/,ii/. and the areola is not obliterated in the middle

CAMBARUS. 71

by the apposition of the branchio-cardiac lines. The few (four) specimens
which I have seen come from the Appalachian Mountain region of Virginia
and West Virginia. According to Mr. Uhlcr, it makes mud chimneys like
C. Di<i</cncs, which it seems to represent in the mountain regions, C. Diogenes
belonging to the lowlands.

26. Cambarus Diogenes.

Cambana 7%/,w,v. GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 88, 1852.

Cumbarus obents, UAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 81, PI. I. figs. 39-42, PI. III. fig. 163, PI.

IX., 1870.
Cambarws obesw, SUITII, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish ami Fisheries for 1872 awl 1873, p. 639, 1874. (After

llagcn. No description.)

Cn,,iliii,-iix uhrx/ix, FOHBES, Bull. 111. Mus. Nat, Hist., No. I. pp. 5, 19, 1876.
( ambaru* obesus, BrxiiT, Prnc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, p. 171. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 183, 1882.

( teol. \Vis., Sun. 1X73-1879, I. 403, 1883. (No description.)
(.'iiniliiifiis lUiii/i'iii's, FAXOX, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. p. 144, 1884.
Cambarus Dioijencs, var. Luiluvlciana, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. p. 144, 1884.

Localities. New Jersey : Mercer Co. Pennsylvania : Derry Sta-
tion, Westmoreland Co. Maryland : Baltimore Co. ; St. Mary Co. ; Caroline
Co. (Coll. P. E. Uhler) ; Dorchester Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; Worcester Co.;
Deer Park, Garrett Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler). District of Columbia : near Wash-
ington. Virginia : Alexandria Co. ; Accomack Co. ; Northampton Co. ; Fred-
ericksburg ; Petersburg. North Carolina: Wilmington (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ;
Kinston (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Ohio: Kelley's Island, Lake Erie (Peabody
Acad. Sci.). Indiana : Long Lake, Kendallville, Noble Co. (Bundy) ; Mechanics-
burg, Henry Co. (Bundy) ; Knox Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Illinois: Lawn
Ridge ; Evanston ; Belleville ; Decatur ; Chicago ; Abingdon (Coll. L. A. Lee
and B. F. Koons). Michigan : Detroit. Wisconsin : tributaries of Pecatonica
River, Green Co. ; Appleton (Coll. Butler U.niv.) ; Racine (Coll. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila,). Iowa : Davenport. Missouri : Carroll Co. (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist.) ; St. Louis (Coll. Berlin Mus., ieste Hagen). Kansas: Leavenworth. Colo-
rado : Clear Lake. Wyoming : Cheyenne. Arkansas. Kentucky : near Louis-
ville? Mill Branch, near Bee Spring, Edmonson Co.? Mississippi: Monticello,
Lawrence Co. Louisiana : New Orleans.

The labels of specimens, probably types, of C. Diogenes and C. propinqims,
in the Philadelphia Academy have been transposed accidentally, so that Dr.
Hagen failed to see the identity of the former and his own C. obcsus. Girard's
diagnosis is too incomplete to be of much value, although his account of

72 A. KEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

tin- peculiar mode of life of this species would serve to identify it to those
familiar \vith its habits.

Specimens, from the West are larger than the Eastern examples, and have
a broader antennal scale. In many of the Eastern specimens, moreover, the
bounding lines of the areola are not so closely approximated as in the West-
ern form, a very narrow linear space being left in the centre. Specimens
from New Orleans, La., have a narrower rostrum with the sides nearly par-
allel, a narrower epistoma, and metacarapace longer in proportion to the
procarapace. This form I have called C. Diogenes, var. Lmloncluna.

A male specimen (M. C. Z., No. 3609) from Detroit, Mich., collected by
Mr. H. G. Hubbard from a burrow in blue clay in company with C. argilli-
<-n/,i, differs from the common Western form in having a narrower, more taper-
ing rostrum, less clearly foveolate at its base, a longer apical spine to the
antennal scale, and the post-orbital ridge more interrupted anteriorly to the
posterior callosity, which is in the form of a prominent tubercle. The fingers
are shorter, giving the chela a more conical shape. The terminal segment
of the telson is more oval behind, and the sides of the areola are not so
closely approximated. A female specimen (M. C. Z., No. 3458) from the
neighborhood of Mammoth Cave agrees very nearly with this male from
Detroit. The body is more attenuated than in the ordinary form, in this re-
sembling C. gracilis. The other specimens which I have seen from Kentucky
are too small to determine with certainty.

I have seen no specimens of C. Diogenes from Tennessee, although it
probably inhabits that State, judging from the mud " chimneys," similar to
those built by this species, collected by Mr. Edward Palmer.

The female noticed by Hagen (p. 82), considered by him to be an
abnormal and deformed specimen of C. Diogenes, is C. gracilis Bundy.

C. J)i<>,/nn'x is pre-eminently a burrowing species, being found in mead-
ows and clay bottoms, often at a great distance from any permanent stream,
(iirard has given an account of their burrows and the mud "chimneys"
which they build over them. His observations were made in the neighbor-
hood of the city of Washington. "The holes, as they appear at the sur-
o! the ground, are nearly circular, from seven tenths of an inch to
inch and one inch and a half in diameter. The depth of the burrows
varies according to the locations; this we generally found to be from six-
inches to two feet, ami sometimes to three feet and more. The con-
Btruction of the bumnv itself is often exceedingly simple: from the surface

CAM r. A i; us. 73

of the ground the excavation exhibits a gradual slope, in direction more or
less undulating for a distance from five to ten inches, when it becomes verti-
cal for six or eight inches, and then terminates in a sudden bottle-shaped
enlargement, in which the animal is found. The bottom of the burrow
having no subterraneous communication, no other issue except towards the
surface, it is entirely isolated from its neighbors, and leaves no chance for
escape to its inhabitant. The same burrow may have several external holes
connected with it, several inclined channels, which, however, meet at the
depth where it becomes vertical. We found constantly the cavity full of
water, but this was in March and April. The bottom, for several inches, was
filled with soft and pulpy mud.

'" There are other instances of burrows somewhat more complex. Their
direction may be oblique throughout their whole extent, and composed of
a series of chambers or ovoid enlargements succeeding each other at short
intervals. Sometimes, also, and connected with one of the chambers, a nar-
row and nearly vertical tubuliform channel extends downwards to a much
greater depth, and appears to us as a retreat either during the cold win-
ters or else during the dryness of the summer, when water is low. That
it is not for the mere purpose of escaping pursuit, we infer from the fact
that we repeatedly caught the animals in the chambers above, where they
remained quietly, instead of attempting to disappear into the apartments
below

" In the spring, and we are told in the fall also, the burrowing craw-
fish builds over the holes of its burrow a chimney of the maximum height
of one foot, but most generally lower. The chimney, circularly pyramidal in
shape, is constructed of lumps of mud, varying in size, irregularly rolled up,
and piled up one upon each other, and intimately cemented together. Its
exterior has a rough and irregular appearance ; whilst the interior is smooth
and as uniform as the subterraneous channel, having the same diameter as
the latter

" The animal works during night. How the work is performed has not

yet been ascertained by actual observations On an examination of

these chimneys, we detected the imprints of the second and third pair of
claws, which indicate, evidently, that the parcels of mud, once brought to the
surface, .... are arranged and fixed in their definitive place by means of
these organs.

" When the work has thus been carried on towards completion, the last

10

74 A EEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

touch consists in shutting up the aperture. This is accomplished by means
of several balls of inud, brought up from underneath, deposited temporarily
on the edge of the chimney, and drawn back in close contiguity, so as to
intercept all communication with the external world."

Another account of the burrows and mounds of C. Dfogciies, by R. S.
Tarr, has recently been printed, with diagrams, in "Nature," Vol. XXX.
p. 127, June 5, 1884. f Mr. Tarr's observations, like Girard's, were made in
the neighborhood of Washington. According to Mr. Tarr, the eggs hatch
about the middle of May, while the parent is living within her burrow ; but
Mr. P. R. Uhler tells me that during the period of incubation the female
goes into pools, ditches, and quiet waters along the margin of overflowing
creeks. Mr. Tarr believes that the chimneys result from the excavation
of the burrow, without implying design on the part of the crayfish. Dr.
C. C. Abbott,! on the contrary, is convinced that they are carefully designed,
since they are often built on the steeply sloping banks of ditches, where
the ejected balls of mud Avould surely roll into the ditch if they were re-
garded by the crayfish simply as rejected matter. In fact, an artistic tower,
only two inches in diameter and varying from eight to eleven inches in
height, is erected on the steep incline. In several such instances observed
by Dr. Abbott the base of the tower was provided for by levelling the ground
I ic fore the foundation pellets of mud were laid. Of a series of forty towers
observed by Dr. Abbott on the banks of a ditch, not one, in his estimation,
could have been the result of accident.

As these pages are going through the press, I have received an article
by Dr. Abbott, which states that his nephew, Mr. Jos. DeB. Abbott, has seen
the crayfish engaged in building its chimney. The observation was made
in the night by the light of a candle. The crayfish was seen to emerge
partially from its burrow, bearing " on the back of its right claw a ball of
cl;iy mud which, by a dexterous tilt of the claw, was placed on the rim of the
rlmimey. Then the crayfish remained perfectly quiet for a few seconds,
when it suddenly doubled up and dropped to the bottom of its burrow.

* Girard slates that Mr. T. H IVaV informed liini that he had observed mud chimneys, similar to those
'"'i' 1 ' "' New Grenada, along Ihe llio Majjdnlena, several hundred miles from the sea. This

observation is of interest, as indicating the possible southward extension of Cambarus beyond the Isthmus of
Panama.

t " llahils of r.in-rowin- Cravlishes in the TniTil Slates."

13 li>.h il.siu'iicd ? " Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XVIII. p. 1157,
1884,

' Mow the Burrowing Crayfish works." The Inland Monthly, Vol. I. pp. 31, 32, Columbus, Ohio,
1'Yliriiary, I

CAMBARUS. 75

Tlio re elapsed some three or four minutes between each appearance; but
every time it came, it brought a ball of clay and deposited it in the manner
I have described. About two fifths of the balls were not placed with sulli-
cient care, and rolled down the outside of the chimney."

Dr. Abbott believes that the closing of the orifice of a chimney is merely
the result of the accidental falling in of pellets from the rim, loosened
perhaps by atmospheric moisture. In some localities where the burrowing
crayfish abounds, there is a weather proverb to the effect that, when the
cravfish closes the opening of his chimney in dry weather, there will be a
rainfall within twenty-four hours.

It is difficult to imagine the object of this crayfish in building these
elaborate subterranean abodes. Further observations on the method of tun-
nelling, on the winter habits of the animal, and on its mode of life during
the breeding season, are much needed.

The mud chimneys built by C. Diogenes were observed and figured long
ago by Audubon (Birds of America, Plates 222, 386 ; 8vo ed., Plates 360,
370), who describes the ingenious device whereby the White Ibis draws the
crayfish from its retreat (Vol. VI. p. 57).

In life C. Diogenes is olive-colored, reddish on the margins of the rostrum,
the post-orbital ridges, and the margins of the abdominal somites ; chela3
cream-colored within, fingers reddish.

The largest specimen which I have seen from the East measures 84 mm.
from the tip of the rostrum to the end of the telson. Specimens received
from Illinois measure 111 mm. in length.

According to Forbes and Bundy, C. Diogenes is one of the commonest
species in Illinois and Wisconsin.

27. Cambarus Nebrascensis.

Cnmbariti Nebrascensis, GIRARD, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VI. 91, 1832.

Ciii,ilnii-i!x X''/,nisr,',ixis, HAG EX, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. ZooL, No. III. p. 83, 1S70. (After Girard.)

Xt'l/i-ascensis, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acud. Arts ami Sci., XX. 145, 1SS4. (After Girard. No de-
scription.)

" Rostrum intermediate in form between that of C. robust-its and C. Dio-
Dorsal lines of suture of the carapace in close contiguity. Large
claw nearly conical, giving to the species a very peculiar aspect.

"Locality. Fort Pierre (Nebraska); collected in 1850 by Thaddeus Cul-
bertson." Girard.

7G A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

This spcries is unknown to me. Girard places it in his second group of
species (C. Jim-ton!; and allies), with toothless rostrum and male appendages
recurved ;.t their extremity. I am inclined to think that it is a Western
form of C. Diogenes, or possibly C. argillicola. Fort Pierre is on the right
bank of the Missouri River, at the mouth of Bad River, within the present
limits of the Territory of Dakota. Specimens of C. Diogenes collected at
Cheyenne, Wyoming, have the hand broad and fingers rather short, so that
the chela assumes a triangular shape when the fingers are closed. They
do not differ from C. Diogenes enough to warrant a separation, but are
very likely the form named C. Nebrascensis by Girard. I do not know
what Hagen means when he says the hands resemble in shape those of
C. Mexicanus.

28. Cambarus argillicola.

Plate IV. flg. 9.

(irfjillirola, FASON, Proc. Amer. Acacl. Arts and Sci., XX. 115, 1884.

Rostrum short, broad, down-curved, excavated, with a deep foveola at
base ; acumen short, broadly triangular, acute, no lateral spines. Post-orbital
ridges without anterior spines, swollen behind. Cephalothorax laterally
compressed, carapace punctate, anterior border not angulated, cervical
groove sinuate, no lateral or branchiostegian spine. Areola linear in the
middle, with an anterior and posterior triangular space, the latter the larger.
Abdomen broad, but narrow at the base, longer than the cephalothorax.
Telson uni- or bi-spinose on each side. Epistoma rounded in front. An-
tennal scale small, rounded within. Third maxillipeds heavily bearded
within, lightly so beneath. Chela large, hand swollen, denticulate on inner
border, irregularly punctate, fingers flattened laterally, punctate and costate ;
the movable finger has a single row of tubercles on its external border and
a very prominent rib on its upper face; its internal, cutting edge is toothed
and I'xeised at the base ; the outer finger is sharply marginate on its
external bonier, inner border toothed and heavily bearded at the base.
Carpus armed with a sharp spine and a few minute tubercles within ; be-
iie.-ith ili<. in is a sharp median anterior spim-. and a minute spinifortn tubercle
between this and the spine of the internal border. Meros furnished with
one or hvo small subapieal teeth on the superior border, and two rows of
Second pair of legs eiliate near the end. Third pair of legs

CAMJUIMIS.

77

of male hooked. First abdominal appendages of male and annulus of female
as in C. Diogenes.

Length, 76 mm.

Known Localities. Dominion of Canada : Toronto, Prov. Ontario. Mich-
igan : Detroit, East Saginaw (Coll. Peabody Mus. Yale Coll.). Indiana : New
Albany. Louisiana : New Orleans (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mns.). North Carolina :
Kinston.

Closely related to C. Diogenes, but at once distinguished by the sharply
compressed fingers bearded at the base, excised thumb with a single row of
tubercles on external margin, non-angulated anterior border of carapace, etc.
The types of this species were dug out of burrows in solid blue clay in
Detroit, Mich., by Mr. II. G. Ilubbard, in August, 1873. The burrows were
throe to five feet deep. At the bottom of each burrow was a pocket in a
layer of loose gravel and clay, holding water. Just above the water line an
enlargement in the burrow formed a shelf on which the animal rested.

Specimens from Kinstou, N. C., and New Orleans, La., which I have
referred to this species, are not adult, and cannot be determined with
absolute certainty.

29. Cambarus Uhleri.

Plate VIII. figs. 8, 8', 8 a, 8 a' (flrst abdominal appendages of male *).

Camhiirus Uhleri, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 116, 18S4.

Male, form I. Rostrum of moderate length, sides nearly parallel to base
of acumen, which is broadly triangular, acute ; no lateral spines ; upper
surface of rostrum plane, punctate, lightly foveolate at base, margins raised
into a low, sharp crest, punctate-lineate ; there is a faint trace of a median
longitudinal carina. Post-orbital ridges without anterior spines, swollen
posteriorly. Carapace oval, punctate, granular on sides. Antero-lateral
border not angulate or notched. No lateral or branchiostegian spines.
Cervical groove sub-sinuate. Areola none. Abdomen longer than cephalo-
thorax. Anterior segment of telson bispinose on each side, posterior seg-
ment round behind. Epistoma triangular. Antenna short, with very small
spines on the second and third segments, scale short, broad, inner margin
rounded. Third maxillipeds hairy within and beneath. Chela moderate,
hand inflated, punctate, ciliate, inner margin ornamented with a row of sharp

* The full figure of C. Uhleri was accidentally omitted by the artist.

7S A REVISION OF THE ASTACID/E.

dentiform tubercles, outside of which is a row of smaller tubercles. Fingers
compressed, punctate and costate, movable finger with a single row of tuber-
cles on the outer edge, a prominent rib running along the middle of the
upper surface, inner margin excised at base and furnished with tuberculifonn
teeth ; external finger toothed within, hairy at base, outer border marginate.
Carpus armed with a strong tooth and a few small scattered tubercles on
the inner side, a stout median anterior spine beneath, and two or three
smaller ones between the median and internal spine. Superior border of
mcros serrate, inferior surface with two longitudinal rows of spines. Second
pair of legs densely ciliate on the inner side near the tip. Third pair of legs
hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages of male and annulus of female
as in C. Dior/cues.

Length, 65 mm. Carapace, 30.5 mm. Rostrum, 6.5 mm.

Known Local/tics. Maryland: Caroline Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; Dorches-
ter Co.; Talbot Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler); St. Mary's Co. (Coll. P. R, Uhler);
Wicomico Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; Somerset Co. ; Worcester Co.

This species was discovered by Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore, in the
counties of Maryland enumerated above, on the Chesapeake and Atlantic
coasts of Maryland. It is found in salt marshes, covered twice daily by the
tides, and also in brackish and fresh-water ditches in company with C. Blan-
diiiijii In Dorchester County it is found far back in the lowlands in the
neighborhood of Vienna.

C. Ulilcri is easily distinguished from C. Diogenes and C. argillicola by its
plane rostrum, shape of the hand, etc.

30. Cambarus Girardianus.

Plate IV. Hg. 1, Plate IX. figs. 8 a, 3 a'.

Cambarua Girardianas, FAXON, Proc. Amcr. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 117. 1884.

Majc, form II. Rostrum broad, excavated, margins with a line of

punrta, slightly convergent ; acumen long, ending in a brown corneous

upturned tip; a pair of minute, brown horny teeth at base of the acumen.

Post-orbital ridges deprcssc-d, with sharp anterior spines. Cephalothorax as

Inn-- as the abdomen. Carapace flattened above, densely and finely punc-

slightly granulated and finely ciliated on the branchial and hepatic

Cervical groove sulcate, sinuate, with minute lateral spine, and

terminating with a small branchiostegian spine; external angle of the orbit

7 ( J

very prominent, ending in a spinule. Areola long and wide, plane, punc-
tate, in length more than one half the distance between the tip of rostrum
and posterior margin of the carapace ; sides nearly parallel to within a
short distance of the posterior margin, where they diverge. Telson bispi-
nous on each side. Anterior process of epistoma broad. Antenna) longer
than the body, scale moderately broad, ending in long, acute apical spine.
Third pair of maxillipeds hairy within. Chelipeds moderate ; chela large,
densely punctate, inner margin short, lightly serrate ; fingers long, with
parallel rows of puncta, toothed within, outer one bearded within at base.
Carpus broad, obliquely truncated, punctate above, with a strong median
spine on the inner side and a small double one at the base ; below, the
car] ins is armed with a spine on the anterior border. Meros smooth, with
a single ante-apical spine on the upper edge ; of the usual biserial spines
beneath, only two or three at the proximal end are developed. Thoracic
sterna naked. Third pair of legs hooked on the third segment. Fourth
pair of legs with a small ovate basal tubercle. First pair of abdominal
appendages articulated near the proximal end, stout, short, swollen in the
middle ; external part with the compressed apex in the form of a strong,
obtuse, recurved tooth, double within ; internal part recurved, cylindrical,
short, acute.

Female. Annulus ventralis transverse, with a sigmoid sulcus.

Measurements of an individual. Length of body, GO mm. ; cephalo-
thorax, 31 mm, ; abdomen, 29 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove,
20 mm. ; from cervical groove to hind margin of carapace, 11 mm. Width of
areola, 3.5 mm. Length of rostrum, 7.5 mm. ; acumen of rostrum, 2.5 mm. ;
chela, 20 mm. ; inner margin of hand, 7 mm. ; fingers, 13 mm. ; antenna),
58 mm.

This species is near C. c.iiranem, but differs in its longer and narrower
areola, in the short hand and long fingers, the single superior ante-apical
spine on the meros, naked thoracic sterna (in C. c.rtrancus they are setif-
erous), the greater smoothness of the body altogether, and the fineness of
the punctation of the carapace ; the suborbital angle is very much more
projecting than in C. cxtnmcus.

This species was discovered by Mr. C. L. Herrick in Cypress Creek, Lau-
derdale Co., Ala., when collecting under the auspices of the U. S. National
Museum, in October, 1882. The specimens obtained were two males, form
II., and three females.

80 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

31. Cambarus cornutus.

Plate V. figs. 1, 2, Plate IX. figs. 3, 3.

Cambarus cornutus, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 120, 1884.

Male, form I. Rostrum long, narrow, excavated above ; margins diver-
gent at the base, thickened, concave, costate ; acumen long, with upturned
horny tip ; lateral teeth at base of acumen upright, stout, blunt, horny. Post-
orbital ridges sulcate on the outer side, with well-developed horny-tipped
anterior spines. Carapace flat, smooth and punctate above, granulated on the
sides.; a depression on each side just outside the orbital ridges; no sub-orbital
angle nor spine ; cervical groove sulcated, sinuate, with a strong, sharp lat-
eral spine ; no branchiostegian spine ; areola long, of moderate width, plane,
punctate, widening at the posterior end of the carapace. The length of
the areola is equal to the distance from the cervical groove to the base of
the rostrum. Abdomen broad, as long as the cephalothorax without the
acumen of the rostrum, pleura triangular, with sharp lateral angles. Termi-
nal segment of telson broader than long, posterior border rounded ; anterior
segment of telson bispinous on each side. Anterior process of epistoma very
broad, short, triangular ; apex not truncated nor notched. Thoracic sterna
ciliated. Basal segment of antennule with a spine on lower side on the distal
half of the segment. Antennas longer than the body, flagellum very large,
composed of annulations flattened in the vertical direction, conspicuously
bearded along the inner margin. Antennal scale oblique to the horizontal
plane of the body, a little longer than the rostrum, inner margin straight
and parallel with the outer margin, subtruncate at the tip, apical spine
strong, long and acute; second segment of antenna with a large external
spine ;it base of the scale; another small but well-formed external spine
<>n the following segment below. Chelipeds large. Chela of moderate size;
hand smooth, punctate, internal margin serrate ; fingers of moderate length,
curved slightly downwards, ribbed and punctate above, tips incurved, horny;
external linger serrate on outer margin, impressed above and below at base;
inner borders of lingers tuberenlatc and ciliated especially at their bases.
< '.n ].u> smooth, lightly punctate above, with a strong median internal spine
and a small basal internal spine; a sharp, prominent median anterior spine
.Meros smooth, a single acute ante-apical spine on the superior
mar-in, only one or two distal spines in the outer row of biserial spines

CAMBARUS. 81

beneath. Third joint of third pair of legs hooked. Fourth pair of legs with
a conical tubercle on the first segment. First pair of abdominal appendages
short, stout, twisted, distal half bent in towards the median line of the body ;
internal part truncate at apex, with a small spine directed backward and
outward ; external part longer, ending in a short, recurved, blunt, laterally
compressed, horny tooth.

Measurements. Length of body, 81 min. ; of cephalothorax, 43.5 mm.;
of abdomen, 37.5 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 27 mm. ;
from cervical groove to posterior border of carapace, 16 mm. Length of
rostrum, 11 mm.; of acumen of rostrum, 5 mm.; of antennae, 91 mm.; of
chela, 36 rnm. ; of movable finger, 22 mm. Width of base of acumen of ros-
trum, 3 mm.; of areola, 3 mm. ; of chela, 15 mm.

One specimen, collected by Mr. F. W. Putnam in Green Kiver, near the
Mammoth Cave, Ky., November 3, 1874.

This species is very distinct from every other known crayfish. In its
general appearance it approaches those species included in the group typi-
fied by C. Bartonii. The rostrum, however, is more after the fashion of C. n/s-
ticits, but the lateral spines are much larger and stand erect. The impressed
external finger recalls C. Bartonii, var. robmta. The sexual appendages are
formed nearly as in C. Bartonii. The development of the antennas is extraor-
dinary.

32. Cambarus hamulatus.

Mate IV. fig. 6, Plate IX. figs. 1 a, 1 a'.

Orconedes haimtlatus, COPE and PACKARD, Amer. Naturalist, XV. 881, PI. VII. figs. 1, la,\L, Nov. 1881.
Cambarus hamulatus, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 145, 1884.

Male, form II. Rostrum long, subexcavated, foveolate at base, mar-
gins moderately raised, converging, lateral spines strong and acute ; acumen
long, narrow, acute. Post-orbital ridges slightly developed, impressed with-
out ; with prominent acute anterior spines. Carapace subcylindrical, flattened
above, region posterior to cervical groove long ; smooth above, granulated
on the sides. A sharp spine on each side at the base of the antennae at the
anterior extremity of the cervical groove, and two or three on each branchial
region just behind the cervical groove, one of which is prominent, the other
minute. Areola of moderate width, sparsely punctate, sides parallel. Abdo-
men longer than the ceplialothorax, equal to the ceplialothorax in width.

11

82 \ REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

Telson lony, proximal segment bispinose on each side, distal segment ellipti-
cal. Anterior process of epistoina obtusely subtriangular. Eyes rudimentary,
concealed under the rostrum. Basal segment of antennules furnished with
a sharp spine beneath near the distal extremity. Antennas shorter than the
budv, scale equal to the rostrum in length, broad, broadest at the distal end,
external border slightly convex, inflated, produced into a long, acute spine.
Third pair of maxillipeds bearded within. Chelipeds slender, chela long,
slender, subcylindrical, slightly pubescent, inner margin straight, subdentate.
Fingers long, slender, subcostate, inner margin straight, hairy. Carpus long,
inner side tubercnlate, with a sharp anterior spine ; two spines on the ante
rior margin of the lower surface. Upper margin of the meros granulated,
with two sharp spines near the distal end ; lower surface of the meros fur-
nished with sharp spinules arranged biserially. Third pair of legs hooked.
First pair of abdominal appendages fashioned after the type of the C. Bnr-
fnitil group, articulated near the base, short, dilated in the middle, tip bifid,
recurved ; inner and outer parts forming recurved hooks, the tip of the inner
attenuated ; outer part double within. The curve of the terminal hooks is
not so strong as in C. Bartonii and allied species, and the two are closely
approximated instead of being separated.

Female. Body stouter, sternum between the fourth pair of legs smooth,
annulus ventralis broad, with a raised rim on the posterior margin, and a
wide longitudinal sulcus anteriorly.

Measurements of male, form II. Length, 44 mm. ; of carapace, 21 mm. ;
of rostrum, 5 mm.; of acumen of rostrum, 2.5 mm. From tip of rostrum to
cervical groove, 12 mm. ; from cervical groove to posterior border of cara-
pace, 9 mm. Length of abdomen, 23 mm. ; of antennae, 35 mm. ; of cheliped,
.')l nun. ; of chela, 15 mm. Breadth of chela, 3 mm. ; of carapace, 8 mm.

Lucidity. Nickajack Cave, Tennessee.

I am indebted to Professor Packard for an opportunity to examine four
males, form II., and two females of this species, which was discovered by
Professor Cope while exploring Nickajack Cave, in the southern part of
Tennessee, near the point where the boundary of that State is met by the
line which divides the Slates of Georgia and Alabama. In general form and
appearance il bears a close resemblance to C. /ii'lli-i<li<x, but the carapace is
spiny, and the male has hooks on the third pair of legs only, and the
I'n-i pair of abdominal appendages are formed after the fashion of the C. Bnr-

i group. The rostrum tapers towards the tip more than it does in the

CAMI'.AUl'S. 83

typical form of C. j>r/lurt</tix, resembling in this respect the form C. pdlitcidus
I'lii'fniix. The terminal segment of the telson narrows ut the hinder end more
than in ('. fii'/hic/il/iK. I do not find the differences in the mandibles, antcnnal
scales, and cheho mentioned by Packard.

33. Cambarus Jordan!.

Plate III. fig. 3.

Cfimliarus Jordani, FAXON, 1'roc. Amur. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 119, 1884.

Male, form II. Rostrum broad, subplane, sides nearly parallel, acumen
long, with minute lateral teeth at base. Post-orbital ridges provided Avith
sharp anterior spines. Carapace punctate (sparsely so on the gastric region),
slightly granulated on the sides. A single acute spine on each side of the
carapace behind the cervical groove, and a branchiostegian spine on the
anterior border. Sub-orbital angle prominent. Areola long, narrow, widen-
ing gradually anteriorly, suddenly posteriorly, smooth, with but few puncta
irregularly disposed in its field. Abdomen longer than the cephalothorax ;
proximal segment of the telson bispinous, distal segment rounded posteriorly.
Epistoma triangular. Antennae equal in length to the body minus the telson,
scale broad, greatest width toward the distal end, which is sub-truncate
and furnished with a sharp external spine. Third pair of raaxillipeds hairy
within. Chela punctate, ciliate ; inner margin of hand short, serrate ;
fingers long, costate, outer border of movable one serrato-tuberculate. Car-
pus with, a strong, acute median spine, and a small basal spine on inner
border ; a small spine at each articulation with the chela. Meros smooth
on the external surface, two ante-apical spines obliquely placed on the upper
edge. First pair of abdominal appendages short, thick, articulated near the
base, terminating in two blunt, recurved teeth.

Length of body, 47 mm. ; of carapace, 23 mm. ; of abdomen, 24 mm. ;
of rostrum, mm. ; of acumen of rostrum, 2 mm. From point of rostrum
to cervical groove, 15 mm. ; from cervical groove to hind margin of cara-
pace, 8 mm. Width of areola, 1.3 mm. Length of antennae, 44 mm.

Of this species I have seen but one specimen, a male of the second form,
collected by Prof. D. S. Jordan in the Etowah River near Rome, Georgia,
communicated by Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore. It has a toothed rostrum
and first abdominal appendages like C. Bartonii. It is distinguished from
the other allied species by its flat rostrum and narrow areola.

84: A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

34. Cambarus extraneus.

Cambarus extraneus, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 73, PL I. figs. 88, 89, PI. III. fig. 156,

1870.
Cambarm rsli-i/iH'/is, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 145, 1881.

Known Localities. Tennessee Eiver near the border of Georgia. Etowah
River, Rome, Ga.

Oinil/itriix rrlraitem, Girardianus, Jordani, cornutus, and haimdatus agree in
combining the toothed rostrum of the C. affinis group with male appendages
formed as in the C. Bartonii group. The third pair of legs alone are hooked.
C. hamulatus is at once distinguished by its rudimentary eye-stalks, the great
length of the posterior segment of the carapace, and long and slender chelaa.
It has the superficies of C. peUucidus. C. cornutus has strong, erect, lateral
rostral teeth, and very thick antennal flagellum, heavily bearded on inner
side. C. Jordani has -a narrow areola with but a few scattered dots, and the
antennal scale is broadest toward its tip. C. extraneus and C. Girardianus
have a wide areola thickly sown with dots ; they are closely related, but may
be separated as follows. In C. extraneus the areola is broader and shorter
than in C. Girardianus ; while in C. extraneus the section of the carapace
behind the cervical groove is never more, usually less, than one third of
the entire length of the carapace from tip of rostrum to posterior border,
in C. Giranliiiinis this section of the carapace is more than one third of the
length of the entire carapace. The punctation of the carapace is much
coarser in C. extraneus than in C. Girardianus. The lateral spine of the
carapace is very prominent in C. extraneus, rudimentary in C. Girardianus.
In C. Gir/ir<liiun<x the external orbital angle is very prominent, and ends
in an acute spine with a corneous tip; the fingers are longer in propor-
tion to the hand than in C. extraneus. The distal end of the meros has
a single spine on the upper edge in C. Girardianus; C. extraneus has two
obliquely placed.

: C. exlraneus I have seen nine specimens, of C. Girardianus five, of
/. Jordani one, of C. ImnniJ/dtts six. Among these are males of the second
form with (he first :ilid<>iniiiiil appendages articulated and not articulated,
bill mi males of the (i,. s t form.

I''" 1 lanri-r female mentioned by Hagen, p. 74, is C. spinosus Bundy.
Hi.- largest specimen of C. extraneus seen by me, a male, form II., with
articulated lirst abdominal appendages, is in the possession of Butler Uni-

CAMBARUS. 85

versit /, Irvington, Ind. It was collected by Jordan in the Etowah River,
at Rome, Ga. It measures 3| inches in length. The areola in this specimen
is a little longer and less dilated posteriorly than in the types from the
Tennessee River.

The antenna) (mutilated in the type specimens) are nearly as long as
the body.

G. e.rlr<(m'>ix has been found in but two localities, in both places in com-
pany with C. spinoaus.

GROUP IV. (TYPE, C. affinis.)

Third segment of the third pair of legs of the male hooked. First abdominal
appendages of ihc male lijid, terminated by two nearly straight styliform branches.-

Rarely a specimen of C. virilis and C. propinquus is found with hooks on
the third segment of the second, as well as the third, pair of legs, but
normally only the third legs are provided with hooks.

The first pair of abdominal appendages in the male are bifid, ending
in two free styliform rami. The rami are short, so that the tips reach
forward only to the base of the third pair of legs in G. affinis, Sloanii, lau-
f/'/'ir, propinquus, and Harrisonii, while in the other species of the group the
rami are elongated to such a degree that they reach forward as far as
the base of the second pair of legs, or even to the chelipeds when the
abdomen is flexed. In C. immunis, Alalamcnsis, Palmeri, Mississippiensis,
and compressus the distal part of the long rami is strongly recurved. In
G. lancifer the terminal rami are short, the outer part almost tooth-like,
so that the character of the appendage approaches the type seen in the
species belonging to Group I. The shape of the rostrum, antennal scales,
and chela? also mark C. lancifer as a passage form between Group I. and
Group IV.

The rostrum is commonly armed with a lateral spine in this group, but
in G. mcdius, C. immunis, and C. Mississippiensis the margins of the rostrum
are entire, at least in full-grown individuals.

This group corresponds to Hagen's Group II.

The following artificial key may aid in the determination of the species
in this group.

86

A KE VISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

Rostrum without lateral teeth (at least in the adult), -j

I j.

Rostrum
with lat-
eral teeth.

linear in the middle, -i

Areola of

moderate

width.

I Arcola linear in the middle. C. Missisiippieasis.

Areola not linear in any part. C. media*, C. immunis*
( llostrum and antennal scales vei7 long. C. lancifcr.

Rostrum and auteuual scales of moderate length. C. Palmeri.
llostrum with a median carina above. C. Alabumemsis, C. compressas, C. jtrojjh/'jtiiix.
I Sides of carapace armed with numerous spines. C. ujjimx.

Rostrum but slightly excavated, or sub-plane.
C. ririlix, C ji,-<jjiit/</t>/is, var. of/scant, C. Sloanii.
I Margins of rostrum concave.

Rostrum

not ca- -1 Only one lateral
riuated. spine on cara-
pace (sometimes
I obsolete).

Ac;

KciMrum dccplv
excavated, willi
raised margins.

C. Harrisonii, C.

( '. forceps.

rlargius of rostrum straight.
C.f.-ru/iiiiijiiux, var. Sanlinfnii.
C. spinosits, C. Putnuinl.

35. Cambarus lancifer.

Unciftr, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 5'J, PJ. I. figs. 86, 87, PL III. fig. 150,

1870.
Cambarus laaeiftr, FAXON, Proc. Amcr. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 116, 1884.

The only specimen of this species known is Hagen's type from Root
Pond, Miss. I cannot find in what part of the State Root Pond is situated.

36. Cambarus affinis.

? Altai-its liuioxus, RAPINESQUE, Amcr. Monthly Mag. and Critical Rev., II. 4-2, Nov. 1817.

iiffmh, SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I. 168, Dec. 1817.
S affinis, HARLAS, Medical and Physical Researches, p. 230, fig. 2, 1835.

/;,'///<////, MILNK EDWAKDS, Histoirc Naturelle des Crustaces, II. 331, 1837.
us -//////, DK KAY, Zoology of New York, Part VI. Crustacea, p. 23, 1S-14. (After Say.)
'- dstacui (Cumliiifiix) i/J/h/i.i, EiiR-nsos, Arch. f. Naturgesch., Jahrg;. XII., I. DO, 184(j.

tni> njliaix, (iiitAKD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. S7, 1S.V2. (Young.)
Cambarw Pealei, (MKAKD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 87, 1852. (Adult.)

Cambaras ,///'', \\^^> 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zoiil., No. III. p. CO, PL I. figs. 19-22, 81, 85, PI. III. fig.
II V., 1S70.

, ABBOTT, Amcr. Naturalist, VII. SO, 1873. (Habits.)
SMITH, lirp. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. C3S, 1871. (After

lll.'/l II .-Mill AllllOtl.)

FAXON, Proe. Amer. Ae;id. Arts and Sci., XK. 14(1, 1884.

lilii'x. \c\v York : Niagara. New Jersey : Schooley's Moun-
tain, Morris Co.; Red IJiink, Moinnouth Co. (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ;
Tivuttm; Burlington; Camdi-n Co. (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Pennsyl-
; riiei> scitli lateral rostral spines. See p. 99.

CAMKARUS. 87

vania: Brandywme Creek (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Schuylkill (Coll.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Reading (Girard) ; Philadelphia (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila.); Bristol; Susquehanna River (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Bainbridge
(Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Carlisle. Maryland: Cecil Co.; Havre de Grace,
Harford Co. ; Guynn's Falls, Druid Hill, etc., Baltimore Co. (Coll. P. R.
Uliler ) ; Anne Arundel Co. (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; Montgomery Co. ; Charles
Co., Potomac River (Coll. P. R. Uhler); Williamsport, Washington Co.
(Coll. P. R. Uhler); Cumberland, Alleghany Co. District of Columbia:
Washington, Potomac River (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Virginia: Cunston,
Potomac River, Fairfax Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Lake Erie (Coll. Pea-
body Acad. Sci.). Lake Superior (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).

Rafinesque's description of Astacus limosus is as follows : -

" N. Sp. Astacus limosus. Antens length of the thorax, rostrum equal
to their peduncle, one-toothed on each side, canaliculated at its base ; a
thorn above the eyes, another on each flank, three pairs of pinciferous feet,
bearded at their articulations, hands short, smooth, unarmed. Obs. I dis-
covered this species in 1803, and observed it again in 1816, in the muddy
banks of the Delaware, near Philadelphia ; vulgar name, mud lobster ; length
from three to nine inches ; good to eat ; commonly brown, with an oliva-
ceous tinge."

From the habitat it is probable that this imperfect description refers to
the species well described in the following month by Say under the name of
A. affinis, as assumed by Girard and Hageu.

A dry male specimen in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
No. 127 b , "Schuylkill. Dr. Harlan," is probably Harlan's type.

Milne Edwards, apparently misled by the transposition of the numbers
of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 on Harlan's plate, has described this species as Astacus
Bartonii ; A. Bartonii as A. affinis.

Erichson's type, a female, in the Berlin Museum, was examined by
Hagen in September, 1870. The specimen is stated by Erichson to have
been collected in Carolina by Cabanis. The label only gives America lorcnlis.
Dr. Cabanis assured Dr. Hagen that he collected all his Astacidoe in a rivulet
near Greenville, in the northwestern part of South Carolina. No other speci-
men of C. affinis has been reported from that State, and I suspect that Erich-
son's type belongs to the closely allied C. spinosus Bundy, which has been
found in the Saluda River, S. C., by Prof. D. S. Jordan. In the museum of
the Academy of Natural Sciences is a specimen of this species (No. 127)

A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

from Keel Bank, N. J., Dr. Jos. Leidy, labelled "A. affinh (fide L. R. Gibbes)."
Gibbes states that his own specimens came from Florida. They probably
belonged to some other species. Hagen states that Gibbes's types of A. Bar-
tonii in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia are C. affinis, but
they are in fact C.plucidus Hagen (Nos. 126% 126 c ).*

Types, male and female, of Girard's C. affiais, from Reading, Pa., collected
by Professor Baird, were communicated to Dr. Hagen by Dr. Stimpson. The
male belonged to the second form ; the specimens were young, with only one
lateral thoracic spine. I have myself discovered in the collection of the
Smithsonian Institution four types (two males, two females) of Cambarus
Peald Girard (Smithson. Cat, No. 2081), from the Potomac River, Washing-
ton. The largest is 4 in. in length, the smallest 31 in. They are the
adult C. ajfinis Say. These are the only types of Girard's Cambari now in
existence, as far as I can discover. The rest were probably burned when
loaned to Stimpson, in the great fire of Chicago.

Color. Upper surface greenish, mottled with darker green, especially
on the chelae ; tips of fingers orange, preceded by a dark green ring,
which runs along the outer border of the hand to the wrists ; abdominal
somites ornamented with interrupted transverse chestnut-colored double
bands. Under surface of a lighter hue. In recent alcoholic specimens the
bands of the abdomen turn bright blood-red.

In some specimens the basal segment of the telson has three spines on
each side of its posterior margin.

The centre of distribution of C. affinis appears to be the great rivers
which empty into the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays.

According to Dr. C. C.Abbott (American Naturalist, VII. 80, 81), "Cam-
lurns affinis is apparently the river species at Trenton, N. J. We have been
able to find it, as yet, only in the Delaware River, usually frequenting
the rocky bed, but also, in fewer numbers, on the mud-bottomed, portions
of the river. They are usually found resting under flat stones, well out
from the banks of the stream, where the water is of considerable depth.
Wherever the vegetation is dense we have failed to find them ; nor have
we seen anything to indicate that it is a burrowing species."

Since this was written, Dr. Abbott and myself have taken C. n finis in
great numbers from shallow ditches in the Delaware meadows near Trenton,
N. J., in company with C. Bluinlmijii.

* See p. 1U.

CAMBAKUS. 89

According to Mr. P. R. Uhler, C. uftiii/x is the common form in the warmer
parts of the rivers and creeks of Maryland, underneath stones. In his col-
lection are specimens from Montgomery Co., labelled as found in " stagnant
pools," and specimens from Alleghany Co., four miles below Cumberland,
were taken from " holes in the bottom and sides of a canal."

A female alcoholic specimen of C. affinis in the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia is labelled " Santo Domingo, W. M. Gabb." The locality
is doubtless erroneous.

In young specimens of C. affinis the lateral thoracic spine on the cervi-
cal groove is single, and the spinules of the hepatic region are reduced to
a mere granulation. Very small individuals closely resemble small exam-
ples of C. j-t>jn'qinis, as Hagen observes. The body, however, in the young
C. affinis is more pubescent, the rostrum is not carinated, and the hand is
differently shaped. The specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
from Niagara, referred to C. affinis by Hagen, are all very young (the largest
measuring \~ in.), but I think there is no doubt of the correctness of the

o o / ?

determination.

C. affiuls is the common crayfish exposed to sale in the markets of New
York and other Eastern cities.

37. Cambarus Sloanii.

Plate IV. fig. 5, Plate X. figs. 1, 1 , 1 a, 1 a'.

Cambarus Sloanii, BUNDY, Bull. III. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. p. 24, 1876. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plrila.,

1877, p. 172.
Cambarus Sloanii, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 147, 1884.

Male, form I. Rostrum wide, subexcavated, plane towards the tip,
margins nearly parallel, acumen long, triangular ; lateral teeth small in full-
grown specimens, in some individuals reduced to an angle merely. Post-
orbital ridges with very small anterior spines, or none. Carapace flattened
above, punctate, lightly granulate on the sides, lateral spines acute, ante-
rior border distinctly angulated, areola wide. Basal segment of telson two-
spined on each side. Antenna! scale a little longer than the rostrum, of
moderate width. Anterior process of epistoma broad, excavated, emarginate
in front. Third pair of maxillipeds hairy within, naked below. Chela short,
broad, inner margin with a double series of depressed teeth ; outer finger
wide at base, furrowed above near the outer and inner margins ; inner finger

12

90 A IIEYISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

curved, costate above ; the two fingers are furnished with blunt tubercles
on their opposed margins, which touch one another only at their tips. Car-
pus with a strong inner tooth. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of
iilidoiniiial appendages stout, bifid ; rami short, acute, outer one with its tip
turned outwards, inner one with its tip turned inwards ; tips brown, horny.

Male, form II. The fingers are less gaping, the hooks on third pair of
legs small, the first pair of abdominal appendages are bifid for a less distance
from the tip, the rami are swollen, without horny tips ; these appendages
may or may not be articulated near the base.

Female. Chela like that of the male, form II. Annulus ventralis with
anterior border depressed, posterior border elevated, tuberculate, tubercle
divided longitudinally by a sinuous furrow.

Knomi Lontlitics. Indiana : New Albany. Kentucky (Bundy).

I have seen two of the types of this species, male form I. and female,
in the collection of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass. Dr.
Sloan has also sent me specimens taken at the same time with those sent
to Bundy for description, and there are specimens from the same source
in the collections of the Boston Society of Natural History, the Peabody
Museum of Yale College, and Butler University, Irvington, Ind.

Dr. Sloan writes me that this is the common species in running streams
at New Albany, while (7. Burl on! I is the form found in still waters. Accord-
ing to the same gentleman, as quoted by Bundy, this is a burrowing species.
Hi.- commences on the bank of the stream, burrows below the bed, and has
an opening two or more feet out in the stream, where he sits watching for
anything that may turn up, with a safe retreat."

C. K/otntii rlosely resembles C. jtrojitiiqinis, var. obscura, in general appear-
ance, but may be at once distinguished by the male appendages and the
annul us vi-ntralis of the female. In the latter species the anterior border of
(In- annuliis is prominently bituberculate, whereas in C. Sloanii the anterior
rim is sunk below the level of the sternum in. front of it.

The Im-vst specimen seen by Bundy measured 3|- inches in length. The
largest I have seen, n female, is a little less than three inches long.

91

38. Cambarus propinquus.

tiimbarus propiiiiju/in, GlK.UU), Proc. Aciul. Nat. Sci. 1'liila., VI. SS, 1852.

propinguus, II U,L\, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zuiil., No. 111. p. 07, PI. I. lig-s. 34-38, PI. III. fig. 153,
L870.

oi /ii-'i/iii/i/'t/'x, SMITH, Rep. U. S. Coium. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 638, 1874. (No
description.)

C<iml,<i,-n* iifn/ii,/!//!!'^ I'.piiiiEs, Puill. 111. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I., pp. 4, 19, IS/ii.

? C,i,,iliti,-i>.t profinqaus, I'.i SD1 , I'm,-. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, p. 171. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 181,
v>. Geol. AVis., Surv. 1873-79, I. 402, 1883. (No description.)
/y/-ry;///'//'/'v, I''A\IIN, Proc. Amor. Acad. Arts and Sol., XX. 147, 1884.

Localities. Dominion of Canada: Montreal (Coll. Peabody Mus.
Yale Coll.); Toronto. New York: Grass River, St. Lawrence Co. (Hagen);
Canton, St. Lawrence Co. (Coll. L. A. Lee); Black Lake, St. Lawrence Co.;
Ogdensburg (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Young) ; Lake Ontario (Girard); Garri-
son Creek, Sackett's Harbor (Girard) ; Four-Mile Creek, Oswego (Girard) ;
Oneida Lake ; Cay uga Lake (S. I. Smith) ; Rochester; Niagara; Forestville,
Chautauqua Co. Indiana : Elkhart River, Rome City, Noble Co. (Bnndy) ;
Delphi; Indianapolis (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.); Michigan City (Coll. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Turman Creek, Sullivan Co. ; Clear Creek, Bloomington ;
White River (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Switz City (Coll. C. H. Gilbert).
Illinois: Freeport, Stephenson Co. (Forbes); Ogle Co.; Geneva, Kane Co.
(Coll. Peabody Mus. Yale Coll.) ; Pekin, Tazewell Co. (Forbes) ; Normal, McLean
Co. (Forbes) ; Decatur, Macon Co. ; Aux Plains River (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Michigan : St. Clair River ; Detroit River; Northville (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.) ;
Huron River, Ann Arbor (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Peabody Acad. Sci.,
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Ecorse (S. I. Smith) ; Kalamazoo River, Otsego (Coll.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.). Lake Superior. Wisconsin : tributaries of Pecatonica
River, Green Co. ; Madison (Coll. Peabody Mus. Yale Coll.). Iowa : Daven-
port ; Des Moines River, Ottumwa.

VAR. Sanbornii.

Plate V. fig. 3, Plate IX. figs. 1O, 10 , 1O a., 10 a'.

Camlarm Sanljor/iii, FAXON, Proc. Atner. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 12S, 1884.

Known Localities. Kentucky: Smoky Creek, Carter Co. Ohio: Oberlin.

112 A HE VISION OF THE ASTACID^.

VAR. obscura.

Camburit* otecuriu, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zoul., No. III., p. 69, PI. I. figs. 72-75, PI. III. fig. 154,

1870.
'..inix obscurus, SMITH, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish aud Fislieries for 1872 and 1873, p. 639, 1874. (After

llai,Tn. No description.)
Cambarus obscurus, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts aud Sci., XX. 148.

Kitotcn Localities. Genesee River, Rochester, New York.

Girard's diagnosis of C.propinquus is too imperfect to avail in the determi-
nation of the species, but fortunately Dr. Hagen identified it by examination
of one of Girard's types.

In the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia there is a dry male
specimen of C. propinquus which was labelled " C. Diogenes ? District of Colum-
bia," when the collection was examined by Hagen. The original label of
this specimen is now lost, but the box contains Dr. Hagen's label, " C. pro-
/liin/ntix Gir. (C. Diogenes Gir. ?)," and the tablet to which the specimen is
fastened carries a label with the locality " District of Columbia." A dry
specimen of C. obesus Hag. in the same museum is labelled " C. propinyims ?
Garrison Creek, Sackett's Harbor." The labels of these two specimens were
undoubtedly transposed by accident.

I am not sure that Bundy's C. propinqwis is this species, as I have not
seen his types. He says that there is ' in these crawfishes a tendency mani-
fested toward multiplication of the lateral thoracic spines, there being in
some individuals two and in others three of these on each side." This ten-
dency does not appear in any specimens that I have seen. It is an abundant
species in Wisconsin, in company with C. virllis.

Smith says that the crayfish found in the valley of the Aroostook River
in Maine and New Brunswick is most likely C. propinquus. It is really
C. Jjiirlmiii.

In tin! v-iiriety that I have named after the late Mr. F. G. Sanborn

', Proc. Amer. Acad. Aris and Sci., XX. 128) the first abdominal

appendices are less deeply bifid, the rami closer together, than in the typi-

The rostrum is not t-arinate, the chela is finely pubescent,

tlir inferior median anterior spine of the carpus is evident. This variety

1 ted by Mr. Sanborn in Carter Co., Ky., and I have received addi-

"iiiil specimens In.,,, IW. \\. V. Koons collected at Oberlin, Ohio. Small

individuals closely lesemble young sperimeus of the typical C'. prophiqmts,

CAMP, \i;rs.

93

C. ftffiiiis, and more closely C. Pnlnnii ; but the young of the first may
be distinguished by the carinated rostrum ; of the second, by the longer
rostral acumen, antennal scale, and anterior spine of post-orbital ridge, by
the longer hand and internal carpal spine, and by the divergent tips of the
first pair of abdominal appendages in the male ; of the third, by the longer-
spined antennal lamina, and the long, deeply cleft abdominal appendages of
the male.

In C. olscurus Hag., which I deem a local form of C. propinguus, the ros-
trum is somewhat broader, not carinate above, and less deeply hollowed out
than in the typical C. propinguus ; the hand is broader, with a few tubercles
disposed in a longitudinal row opposite the base of the movable finger; the
fingers are more widely separated at the base, the epistoma more truncate ;
the male appendages have a projecting angle or shoulder on the anterior
margin at the base of the rami, the outer part often grooved longitudinally
on the outer side. This form has been discovered only at Rochester, N. Y.
The differences between it and C. propinqwts are so slight that I consider it
only a variety. Some specimens of C. propinqmts show a strong tendency to
develop the projecting shoulder on the front border of the male appendages.

In the United States National Museum is a small first-form male of a
Cambarus labelled "California" (No. 2531), which I cannot distinguish spe-
cifically from C. obscnrus. The areolar part of the back of the carapace is
a little flatter, and the row of small tubercles on a line with the middle of
the base of the movable finger is not apparent ; but this often happens
in small specimens of C. obscunis. The locality of this specimen is very
probably erroneous, as no other specimen of a Cambarus from the west coast
is known.

Hagen thinks that C. obscunts may be the Astacus fossor of Rafinesque.
Rafinesque's description is as follows :

"Astacus fossor. An tens length of the body, rostrum short, one-toothed
on each side, a thorn behind the eyes ; three pairs of pinciferous feet, hands
of the first pair very large, granular, gaping, toothed, with a furrowed and
bispinous wrist. Obs. Vulgar name, burrowing lobster, communicated to
me by Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill, native of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New
York ; size from four to six inches ; it burrows in meadows and milldams,
which it perforates and damages."

It is impossible to determine what species is here meant. The descrip-
tion would suit C. projrinqiius, a commoner form, as well as C. obscnrus.

94 A KEY1S10X OF THE ASTACID.E.

Neither of these- forms has been reported from Pennsylvania or Virginia.
The only .species known to me to be common to the three States of New
York. Pennsylvania, and Virginia are C. Bkmdhiyii, affuris, and Burtoiiii. Ka-
finesque's description fits none of them. Girard surmised, from the habits
of C.fossi\ that it might prove to be C. Dioyi'iie*.

In the collections of the Boston Society of Natural History and the
Museum of Comparative Zoology (Cat. No. o590) there are three second-
form males of a Cambarus which closely resemble C. p/-<ij/in/jiitis, but the
sexual appendages are longer, as in C. rusHcm. The epistoma is long. The
carpus has a strong internal median carpal spine and a small basal internal
spine ; beneath, the carpus is unarmed. The biserial spines of the meros
are well developed. The outer ramus of the first abdominal appendages is
a little recurved at the tip. The largest of these specimens is 75 mm. long.
No locality is given. They seem to belong to an undescribed species.

39. Cambarus Harrisonii.

Plate III. fig. 1, Plate IX. figs. 9, 9'.

x Iliiffhuiiii, FAXON, Proc. Amcr. Acad. Arts and Sei., XX. 130, 1SS4.

Male, form I. Rostrum long, narrow, deflexed, excavated ; margins

thickened, a little convergent; acumen of moderate length, triangular,

acute; marginal spines short, obtuse, often obsolescent. Carapace flattened

above, coarsely punctate, granulate on the sides ; post-orbital ridges prom-

inent, sulcate without, with acute anterior spine; antero-lateral margin

notched at base of antenna ; cervical suture not sinuate, interrupted on the

side; lateral spine small, acute; branchiostegian spine obsolete; areola at

least one half as long as the distance from the tip of the rostrum to the

cervical groove, of moderate width, punctate, the dots tending to a biserial

arrangement in the middle portion. Abdomen as long as the cephalothorax ;

telson lung, posterior margin rounded, posterior margin of basal segment

bispinous on each side. lia.sil segment of antennule with an internal, sub-

spiral. inlmnr spine. Antenna- as long as the body; second segment armed

with a short, acute, external spine: scale as long as the rostrum, of moderate

i'lili. widesl near the middle, thence tapering to the acute external apical

Anterior process of epistoma with convex sides, apex blunt or trun-

riiinl pair ol' maxillipeds hairy within. Chelipeds of moderate length,

. '""'"I- coarsely punetate above and below, inner margin

CAM15ARUS. 95

of hand with two or three rows of depressed ciliate tubercles; fingers costate
and punctato-lineate, gaping, inner margins with rounded tubercles ; mov-
able finger incurved ; carpus punctate above, armed with an acute median
internal spine and two inferior spines (a large median and a minute external).
In some specimens there are one or two small antennal basal tubercles.
Meros smooth without, two obliquely disposed superior sub-apical spines;
of the biserial inferior spines only a few of the distal ones in each row are
developed. Distal end of second pair of legs ciliate. Third segment of third
pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages short, reaching to
the base of third pair of legs, thick, split for a short distance from the tip ;
outer part longer than the inner ; tips recurved, brown and horny.

Female. Fingers less widely gaping, outer one ciliate within at base.
Abdomen broader. Sternum between fourth thoracic legs smooth. Annulus
ventralis a transverse ridge, thickest in the middle, where there is a rounded
tubercle divided longitudinally by a sinuous groove. Between the ridge
and the sternal plates of the fourth pair of legs there is a deep transverse
fossa.

Measurements of a male, form I. Length of body, GO mm. Length of
carapace, 30 mm. Length of abdomen, 30 mm. From end of rostrum to
cervical suture, 20 mm. From cervical suture to posterior border of cara-
pace, 10 mm. Length of rostrum, 10 mm. Breadth of rostrum at base,
4 mm. Length of rostral acumen, 3 mm. Width of areola, 1.5 mm. Length
of antenna 1 , GO mm. Length of chela, 25 mm. Breadth of chela, 12 mm.
Length of movable finger, 17 mm. Internal border of hand, 7 mm.

In one specimen, a male, form I., the fingers are very much elongated,
not gaping at base. The length of the internal border of the hand in this
specimen is 7.5 mm. ; the length of the movable finger, 21 mm.

Locality. Irondale, Mo. Collected by E. Harrison.

This species resembles O. rusticits in its general form. The male ap-
pendages, as well as the annulus ventralis of the female, however, are very
different from those of any previously described species. The male ap-
pendages approach in form those of C. propinquus more nearly than any
other, but in that species these appendages are more deeply bifid, and
not recurved.

The second form of the male is unknown.

96 A KEVISICXN" OF THE ASTACID^.

40. Cambarus virilis.

Cambarus virilis, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 63, PI. I. figs. 23-28, PL II. figs. 128-132,

PI. III. fig. 155, PI. VIII., 1870.
Cambarus virilis, SMITH, Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 638, 1871. (After

Hageu. No description.)

Cdaibiinis virilis, FORBES, Bull. 111. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. pp. 4, 19, 1S76.
Cambarus debilis, BUNDY, Bull. 111. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. p. 24, 1876. Trans. Wis. Aead. Sci., V. 181,

1S82. Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-1879, I. 403, 1883. (Male, form II.)
Cumbarus virilis, BDNDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, p. 171. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 180,

1882. Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-1879, I. 402, 1883.

Ciimbarn* Cuuesi, STREETS, Bull. U. S. Geolog. Geograph. Surv. Terr., 111. 803, 1S77.
Cambarus virilis, STREETS, Bull. U. S. Geolog. Geograph. Surv. Terr., III. 804, 1877.
Cambarus virilis, HERRICK, Tenth Ann. Rep. Geolog. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota, p. 253, 1882.
? Cauibarus Cottesi? BDNDY, Geol. Wis., Surv. 1873-1879, I. 402, 1883. (No description )
Cambarus virilis, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 147, 1884.

Known Localities. Dominion of Canada: Lake Winnipeg; Saskatchewan
River; Red River of the North; Toronto (Peabody Acad. Sci.); Montreal (?).
Dakota : Red River of the North near Pembina ; Souris or Mouse River.
Minnesota : Lake Superior (C. L. Herrick) ; Mississippi River (C. L. Herrick) ;
Lake Minnetonka (C. L. Herrick), Minnehaha Creek, Cedar Lake (Coll. U. S.
Nat. Mus.), Bassett's Creek (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.), and Lake Independence,
Hennepin Co. Wisconsin : Appleton ; Ironton, Bamboo River ; Sank City,
Wisconsin River (W. F. Bandy); Sugar River (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.);
Rock River (S. A. Forbes) ; Jefferson (W. F. Bundy) ; Milwaukee (Coll. U. S.
Nat. Mus.). Iowa : Davenport ; Burlington ; Fort Dodge (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist.) ; Spring Vale (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.) ; Des Moines River (Coll. U. S.
Nat. Mus.); Bedford (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mas.). Nebraska: Omaha. Wyoming:
near Laramie City. Kansas: Leavenworth (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ;
Manhattan (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Republican River, northwest of
Fort Riley (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ; Ellis (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.).
Missouri: St. Louis (Coll. P. R. Uhler) ; Osage River; Irondale. Illinois:
Quincy, Adams Co.; Lawn Ridge, Marshall Co.; Decatur, Macon Co.; Nor-
mal, McLean Co. (S. A. Forbes) ; Pekin, Tazewell Co. (S. A. Forbes); Cairo,
Alexander Co. (S. A. Forbes); Geneva, Kane Co. (Coll. Peabody Mus. Yale
Coll.); Stillman's Creek, Marion, Ogle Co. (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).
Indiana: Michigan City, Lake Michigan (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.); Long Lake,
Kendallville (W. F. Bundy); Elkhart River, Rome City (W. F. Bundy).
Alabama: near Bridgeport, Jackson Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Arkansas:
White River, Eureka Springs, Carroll Co. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Texas.
New York : Lake George (?).

CA.MBARUS. <)7

Cambarus riri/ix is subject to some variation in the shape of the rostrum,
the punctation of the carapace, breadth of areola, etc., as Hagen pointed
out in liis account of this species, p. G4. Yet it is not liable to be con-
founded with any other species if good-sized specimens are at hand.

I have noticed in a few second-form (?) males of this species an inter-
esting variation from the ordinary type of the first pair of abdominal ap-
pendages. In most examples these appendages are .split for a considerable
distance from the tip, and the two rami are drawn out to a point at the tip.
Tn the other specimens the whole appendage is stouter, the prominences
more pronounced, the extremity is split to a less distance from the tip, and
the ends of the rami are blunt, almost tubercutate. The hooks on the third
pair of legs are well developed, as in the first-form male. The abdominal
appendage is not articulated, but this is sometimes the case in the other and
commoner type of abdominal appendage of the second-form males. I have
found both these forms together in collections made at several places (Lake
Superior, Lake Winnipeg, etc.), and the differences in the sexual appendages
are not accompanied by any that would indicate a new species.

A specimen of C. debilis from Baraboo River, Ironton, Wis., sent by Mr.
Bundy, is the second form of the male of C. viriKs.

Males are occasionally found with small hooks on the third segment of
the second pair of legs, as well as on the third pair.

From the U. S. National Museum I have received the types of Street's
C. Couesi and C. virilis. The differences between the two are very slight,
and do not warrant their separation as two distinct species. Some of Hagen's
types of C. virilis from the Red River of the North and the Saskatchewan
River are of precisely the same form as Street's C. Coitcsi.

The following description of the living colors of C. virilis is given by Dr.
Streets from the notes of Dr. Coues on the specimens collected in the Souris
River, Dakota :

" Carapace variegated with lighter and darker shades of brown : tail
segment darker and more uniform brown, with large, symmetrical, dark
brown spots, one on each side. Claws green, speckled with darker, with the
protuberances yellow and reddish; other legs paler greenish. Below, in-
cluding under side of the claws, greenish white, the claws speckled with dark
spots. Antennte rich brown."

A large female specimen in the U. S. National Museum, collected by Mr.
Edward Palmer in a pond near Bridgeport, Jackson Co., Ala., appears to

13

98 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

belong here. The rostrum is mutilated, however, and my identification may
be erroneous.

A young female from Lebanon, Term., in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, also seems to belong to this species.

A dry female in the Museum of Comparative Zoology is labelled " Lake
George, L. Agassiz " ; and there are also three dry specimens labelled
" Montreal ? Mr. Hunt." Considering the ease with which labels of dry
specimens get misplaced, it is hardly safe to give Lake George and Montreal
as localities for this species until confirmed by further exploration.

C. virilis attains a very large size. I have seen a female specimen which
measured very nearly 4^ inches in length, and Bundy records a specimen
from Jefferson, Wis., Gf inches from tip of rostrum to tip of telson.

In specimens from Laramie the lateral spines of the rostrum are obsoles-
cent, and the rami of the male appendages are more strongly curved than in
the typical form. In these respects the specimens .approach C. imuiunis. A
male, form II., from Ellis, Kansas, in the Peabody Academy of Science at
Salem, has the areola reduced almost to a line in the middle, and the short-
ness of the carapace behind the cervical groove shows another approach to
C. immmm.

In specimens from Irondale, Mo., the cephalothorax is more cylindrical
than in the type form, the areola wider in the middle (2 mm. in a specimen
68 mm. long, whereas in a specimen of the same size of the typical form it
is about 1 mm.), and the tubercles on the internal border of the hand and
on the movable finger are less prominent and more heavily ciliated. The
sides of the rostrum are nearly parallel, with small acute lateral teeth. The
carpus has the additional inferior spine as in Hagen's variety A. But I see
no difference of sufficient importance to be deemed of specific value.

G. virilis and C. immtmis are two of the Western species of crayfish es-
teemed as food. They are sometimes sent to the New York market from
Milwaukee and other Western cities, but the species commonly found in the
Eastern markets is C. ujfinis.

CAMl'.Aia S. 99

41. Cambarus immunis.

Plate X. llgs. 6 a, 6 a' (llrsl ubilmniiml ap|>i 'luln^'cs til milk-, form II.).

^imhn-ux immunis, UAIIKN, 111. Cat. Mus. Com|>. Zofil., No. 111. p. 71, I'l. 1. iigs. 101, 102, PI. III. lig. Kid,
I'l. VIII. lig. I),' 1870. (Male, form 1., and female.)

immunis, SMITH, lie p. U. S. Comui. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 039, 1874. (After
[iigcn. No description.)

immunis, Fomu-.s, Bull. 111. Mus. Nat. Hist.., No. I. pp. 4, 19, 1876. (Male, form II., and young.)
!i,niiin/ix, liiiXDY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., IS77, p. 171.

,/;///;/, IlKRRR'K, Tent li Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., for the Year 1SS1, p. 253, 18S2.
iiiiiiiHnix, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 140, 1884.

Known Localities. New York (Coll. L. A. Lee). Indiana: White River
[Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Fall Creek, Indianapolis (Coll. Peabody Acad.
Sci.) ; Long Lake, Kendallville (Bundy). Illinois : Aux Plains (Coll. U. S. Nat.
Mus.) ; Belleville ; Lawn Ridge ; Normal ; Oquawka (Coll. 0. P. Hay). Michi-
gan : Detroit River, Detroit. Wisconsin : Milwaukee (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Minnesota : Richfield, Hcnnepin Co. Iowa : West Liberty. Missouri : St.
Louis (Coll. P. R. Uhler). Kansas : Leavenworth (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ;
Ellis (Coll. C. H. Gilbert). Wyoming : near Laramie (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Alabama: Huntsville. Mexico : Orizaba (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).

VAU. spinirostris.

Plate I. fig. 5.

I'liiiiliiifiis ii iii H iiis, var. sjii/tifox/i-ix, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 146, 1SS4.

Known Locality. Obion Co., Tenn.

C. immunis is a very common species in Illinois, being especially fre-
quent in the muddy ponds of the prairies. Mr. H. G. Hubbard has found
t in muddy pools and ditches connected with the Detroit River, Michigan.
According to Mr. Hubbard, it does not form burrows, but conceals itself
imong weeds.

The second form of the male was unknown to Hagen, and was first
lescribed by Forbes in December, 1876. The first pair of abdominal ap-
jenclages are split for but a very short distance from the tip ; the branches
ire thick, and neither of them is dilated, flattened, or channelled at the
ip, as is the case in the first form. (See PI. X. figs. 6 a, 6 a'.) The tufts
)f hair-like setoe on the inner side of the penultimate and antepenultimate
segment of the second pair of legs, so characteristic of this species, are

100 A KKVJSIOX OF THE ASTACIDJE.

much l.-s developed in the females and second-form males than in first-
inn, i males. In some, especially young, specimens slight ante-apical teeth
are present >n the rostrum.

I am indebted to Mr. C. L. Herrick for three examples, two first-form
males and one female, of his G. siynifer. It does not differ specifically from
Haven's C. iiiniumix. The antennal scale is a little broader than in the types
I'K mi Illinois, and the anterior process of the epistoma is not so clearly trun-
cated ; the punetation of the carapace is more pronounced. These differ-
ences are no greater than we often find in the same species when specimens
from widely separated localities are compared. The color, as given by Her-
rirk, is " reddish (crimson) brown, not obviously figured ; tail lighter ; fin
chestnut, marked with gray; chelte bright crimson below; there are green
markings on the body and legs, and some yellow below." In the female,
the " abdomen is marked with chestnut bars on each segment above." " The
young males have the chela3 greenish blue and mottled, while the coloration
of the body is like the females." The figure of the antenna! scale (fig. 7, b)
in Herrick's paper is very incorrect. *

The hand of this species figured by Hagen on Plate VIII. of his Mono-,
graph is not of the normal form, but belongs to the specimen from Hunts-i
\illr, Ala., mentioned on page 72. Although this specimen is a first-fonrv
male, the tufts of cilia on the second pair of legs are hardly developed J
The female from Beaufort, N. C., (M. C. Z., No. 3356,) doubtfully assigned!
t<> this species by Hagen, does not belong here. It is perhaps C. Diogmrx.

1 have seen a few specimens of C. immunis with the internal margin of
the movable finger straight, without the excision at the base, but such cases'
are \ ery rare.

In the typical form of C. immunis the margins of the rostrum are sinu-
ate at the apex, without spines at the base of the acumen. In many of the
well-grown sccond-fonn males and females from the Detroit River, small
lateral spines are developed at the base of the acumen; and these speci-
mens thus lead to a form from Obion Co., Tenn., (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.,) in
which tin; lateral rostral spines are developed in all the examples exam
med (seven secoinl-form males, nine females). The sides of the rostrurr.
in some of these are nearly parallel as far as the lateral spines. Although
these specimens are of moderate size, they show the marks of immaturity.

chelipeds being small, the chelae narrow, with slender fingers. The innei
finger is generally excised at the base, as in the typical form; the latera

CAMi;.\i;rs. 101

thoracic spine is better developed, the antenna; are longer (equal to the
length of the body), and the tufts of cilia on the inner side of the second
pair of legs are not developed. The anterior process of the epistoma is not
notched or truncated. The male appendages and the annulns ventralis are
\s in the typical (.'. iniiiinnix. In the only old specimen (female, 4] inches
long) the rostrum and epistoma are, unfortunately, mutilated, but the cliche
are broad, as in the typical form, and the second pair of legs show the ciliate
;ufts. I am disposed to consider the variations here as varietal rather than
specific. The form may be called C<nn1>nnix intniint!*, var. */>inir<>tfris.

The only specimens I have seen from the State of New York are a
iair. so labelled, in the collection of Prof. L. A. Lee. Two specimens in
the U. S. National Museum, male, form II., and female, from Orizaba, Mexico,
(Prof. Sumichrast,) do not differ to any extent from those inhabiting the
United States.

42. Cambarus Mississippiensis.

Plate III. tig. H, Plate X. figs. 4, 4', 4 a, 4 a .

i',i,,iliiii-iia ^[ixxixxi/lj l ;,,lxix, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 123, 1881.

Male, form I. Rostrum broad, twice as long as broad, subexcavated
above, smooth, foveolate at base, margins raised, converging anteriorly, sinu-
ate at apex ; acumen short, triangular, acute, no lateral teeth. Post-orbital
ridges sulcate on outer side, with short, blunt anterior spines. Carapace
densely punctate, sides lightly granulate, front lateral border not angulated.
Cervical groove sinuate, with small lateral and branchiostegian spines. Areola
linear anteriorly to the middle, with a small anterior and a larger posterior
triangular field. Length of areola equal to half the distance from tip of
rostrum to cervical groove. Abdomen as long as the carapace. Terminal
segment of the telson shorter than the basal segment, hind border slightly
concave at the centre ; basal segment bispinose on each side. Anterior angle
of epistoma notched. Sternum between the legs densely ciliated. Antennal
scale very broad, apical spine short. Third maxillipeds hairy without and
beneath. Chela? large, punctate, smooth below, margined without ; inner
margin of hand short, furnished with dentiform tubercles irregularly disposed
in a double series ; a little distance from these is another line of smaller cili-
ated tubercles on the upper surface of the hand on a line with the middle
of the base of the movable finger. Fingers long, gaping at base, each with

]()2 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

a punctate impressed line pai'allel with inner margin, and furnished with
rounded tubercles on inner margin. Movable finger tuberculate on outer
margin. Outer finger bearded below at base. Carpus broad, obliquely trun-
cate on the external side, punctate and tuberculate above, a strong median
internal spine, two small spines near on the base and one at the anterior
end near the articulation ; multispindus beneath, the two anterior spines the
largest. Meros smooth, two ante-apical spines obliquely placed on upper
margin, lower face with blunt biserial spines. Second pair of legs with long
setae near the end on inner side, not tufted as in C. immums. Third pair of
legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages long, deeply bifid, rami
recurved at tip, parallel, internal ramus subcylindrical, dilated and grooved
at tip, external ramus a little longer than the internal, laterally flattened,
ending in a slender, sharp point.

Male, form II. Rostrum with small lateral teeth ; hand smaller, with
smaller tubercles ; hooks on third legs smaller ; third pair of abdominal
appendages stouter, cleft for only a short distance from the tip, tips blunt,
no articulation at the base in the one specimen examined.

Female. Eostrum as in the second form of the male. Hand shorter
and broader, annulus ventralis with a very deeply excavated fossa.

Measurements of male, form I. Length, 73 mm. Length of rostrum,
9 rmn. Breadth of rostrum at base, 5 mm. Length of areola, 11 mm. From
tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 25 mm. Length of chela, 35 mm. Breadth
of chela, 14 mm. Length of inner finger, 24 mm. Length of internal margin
of hand, 11 mm.

Five specimens, one male, form I., one male, form II., and three females,
were collected by Prof. 0. P. Hay in Eastern Mississippi. Two of them are
labelled " Macon, Miss."

Differs from C. inunnuis in its linear areola, flatter rostrum, differently
shaped chela, and male appendages, the rami of which are longer and less
strongly recurved. C. Palmcri differs from it in its quadrangular rostrum,
which has a longer acumen and more prominent lateral spines, narrower
and long-spined antennal scale, and longer areola ; the rami of the male
appendages (form II.) are a little longer and more widely separated.
C. Alabamensis differs by its wide areola, toothed and carinated rostrum,
etc. ; C. f<w//;/ r\w,s, by its laterally compressed carapace, wide areola, nar-
row cariuated rostrum, etc.

103

43. Cambarus Palmeri.

Plato III, fig. 6. Plate X. flex. r, a, 5 a'.

Cambarus ]',//;/. FAXON, 1'mr. Anicr. Acini. Arts anil Sci., XX. 124, 1SS |..

Male, form II. Rostrum broad, subexcavated, margins nearly paral-
lel from base to lateral spines, which are small and sharp ; acumen long.
Post-orbital ridge with sharp anterior spine. Carapace smooth and punc-
tate above, granulate on sides, lateral spine of mode-rate size, anterior lateral
border notched just below the sub-orbital angle, which is not prominent.
Areola linear for a short distance anterior to the centre, with a small ante-
rior and a larger posterior triangular field. The length of the areola is
one half the distance from cervical groove to tip of rostrum. Abdomen as
long as the cephalothorax. Proximal segment of telson bispinose on each
side. Antenna? nearly as long as the body. Lamina a trifle longer than
rostrum, broad, greatest width at the middle, thence tapering to the long
spine at apex. Third maxillipeds hairy within and below. Anterior process
of epistoma truncate at apex. Chela broad, depressed, smooth and punc-
tate below, ciliate-punctate above, margined on the outer edge. Inner mar-
gin of hand short, with a double row of small ciliated tubercles. Fingers of
moderate length, straight, corneous and incurved at tip, costate, punctate, and
ciliate above. Movable finger with outer edge furnished with a double row
of ciliated tubercles on basal half. Outer finger hairy below at base of inner
side. Carpus tuberculate above, with a strong and acute internal median
spine, and a minute one at the base ; smooth below, with two prominent
anterior spines. Third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal ap-
pendages articulated near the base, long, stout, strongly curved, bifid for a
short distance from tip, rami divergent, outer one the longer.

Female. Annulus ventralis triangular, rounded anteriorly, posterior
wall with a longitudinal sigmoid fissure. Sternum between fourth pair of
legs smooth.

Length, 61 mm. Antennae, 52 mm.

Twenty-five specimens of this species were collected for the U. Na-
tional Museum by Mr. Edward Palmer, in a brook running into the eastern
side of Red Foot Lake, near Idlewild Hotel, Obion Co., Tenn. ; May 30, 18:
The lot contains males of the second form and females. The rostrum, chuto,
and antennal scale are similar to those of C. virilis. It differs from that

104 A KE VISION OF THE ASTACID^.

species in its linear shorter areola and male appendages, which are more
strongly curved, and formed more on the pattern of the same parts in
C. immunis. In the latter species, however, these appendages are still more
strongly curved, the areola is not linear in any part, the rostrum is more
deeply excavated, longer, and (usually) toothless, the antennal scale is sub-
truncate at the end, and the hand different. Its closest relative is (7. Missis-
sljipicnsis. See description of that species, page 101.

Some of the specimens still show spots of dark color (purplish) on the
chela?, carpus, and branchial regions of the carapace. In a few specimens
there is a very faint indication of a median carina on the rostrum.

44. Cambarus Alabamensis.

Plate IV. fig. 4, Plate X. HSS. 3, 3 , 3 a, 3 a'.

Cambarus Alabamensis, FAXOX, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 125, 1884.

Male, form T. Rostrum broad, punctate, subexcavated above at base, with
a broad, rounded, slightly elevated median carina near the tip ; sides sub-
parallel, punctate, ciliate ; acumen long, triangular, marginal spines slightly
developed. Anterior spine of post-orbital ridge hardly developed. Carapace
smooth, punctate, cervical groove sinuate, with minute lateral and branchi-
osteg-al spines; anterior margin notched at base of antenna?; areola wide,
short (less than half as long as the distance from cervical groove to the lat-
eral rostral spines), thickly punctate. Abdomen longer than the cephalo-
thorax by the length of the terminal segment of telson. Telson rounded
behind, basal segment bispinous Epistoma triangular. Antenna? nearly as
long as the body, slender ; scale moderately broad, broadest in middle, thence
tapering to the apical spine. Third maxillipeds hairy within and below.
Cbelipeds of moderate length, strong. Chela broad, thick ; hand punctate,
inner margin of moderate length, scarcely serrate ; fingers of moderate
length, costate, ciliate-punctate, usually meeting only through their distal
third. Immovable finger heavily bearded at base within, both above and
below. Carpus smooth, punctate above ; on the internal border there is a
strong median spine ; in front of this, near the articulation, is a minute spine,
and behind it are one or two faint ones near the base ; below, the carpus has
a single small spine near the external articular point of the hand. Meros
smooth, punctate, with two obliquely disposed spines near the anterior end
of superior border; of the biserial spines beneath, only the distal one or two

CAMBARUS. In:,

of the outer row are developed. Third p;iir of legs 1 l<cd ;it base. Kirst

pail' of abdominal appendages long, deeply bifid, rami slender, recurved,
parallel, inner ram us spoon-shaped at tip, outer mums a little louder than
the inner, compressed laterally, tapering to a. line point at tip.

Male, form II. Lateral rostral spines a little more prominent, hand
smaller, hooks on third legs less strongly developed, first abdominal ap-
pendages thicker, bifid for only a short distance from the tip, rami laterally
compressed, blunt-pointed.

Female --Rostrum as in the second form of the male, hand shorter and
wider. Annulus ventralis with well-marked transverse fossa.

Measurements of a male, form I. Length, 55 mm. Carapace, 25 mm.
Abdomen, 30 mm. Length of antenna), 50 mm. Length of areola, 7 mm.
Breadth of areola, 2.5 mm. Length of chela, 21 mm. Breadth of chela,
9 mm. Length of movable finger, 12.5 mm.

A female of the same size has the areola 3 rain, in width, 7 ram. in
length.

Forty specimens, including both forms of the male and the female, were
collected by C. L. Herrick in Second Creek, Waterloo, Landerdale Co., Ala.,
for the U. S. National Museum. The male appendages are very like those
of C. Mississippiensis, the rami being longer and less strongly recurved than
in C. innmiiiis. It is at once distinguished by its broad and short areola from
the other species in which the first abdominal appendages are formed after
the pattern of those of C. iwimniix. The section of the carapace behind the
cervical groove is very short in this species, and the dense beard at base of
the external finger is very characteristic. In C. compremis the areola, al-
though broad, is long, and the strong lateral compression of the body, differ-
ent form of the chela, etc., distinguish it from this species at a glance.

45. Cambarus compressus.

Plate V. fig. 6, Plate X. flgs. 8, 2', 8 a, 2 a'.

Cambarus fompresxu.it, FAXOX, "Proc. Aim r Arm], Art? and Sri., XX. 127, ISS-k

Male, form I. Rostrum narrow, excavated, curved downwards, with a
longitudinal median carina ; margins thickened, converging, with a line of
ciliated dots; acumen long, triangular, with acute lateral spines at base
which are obsolescent in the largest specimens. Cephalothorax strongly
compressed laterally. Post-orbital ridges armed with acute anterior spim-.

14

106 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIim

Carapace punctate on both the back and sides; on the gastric region the
punctation is very coarse, assuming the form of reticulation ; cervical groove
sinuate ; no lateral or branchiostegian spines ; anterior lateral margins
notched behind the antennae; areola broad, heavily punctated. Abdomen
about the length of the thorax. Telson long, proximal segment bispinose
on each side. Antennte slender, shorter than the body by the length of the
telson. Antennal scale of moderate width, terminal spine very long, reach-
ing beyond the tip of the rostrum. Epistoma triangular. External* max-
illipeds hairy within and below. Chelipeds short, stout; chelae very large,
broad, non-tuberculate, hand convex above and below, punctate, internal
margin entire ; fingers short, thick, with lines of ciliated dots. Carpus
punctate above, with one internal median spine. Upper border of meros
with one or two ante-apical spines; the biserial spines below are not devel-
oped, except the distal one of each row, and even these are minute. Third
.segment of third pair of legs hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages
reach the base of the second pair of legs. They are deeply bifid, the rami
recurved ; the outer ramus is aciculate, the inner is enlarged at base and at
tip, and the tip is furthermore grooved in front and rounded off at the end.

Male, form II. Hand smaller, fingers gaping at base, external finger
ciliated at base within, hook on third segment of third legs very small; first
pair of abdominal appendages articulated near the base, thick, inner and
outer parts separated for only a very small distance from apex, compressed
from side to side, tips a little recurved, blunt-pointed.

Female. Chelse somewhat smaller than in the first form of the male,
fingers less widely separated at base, external finger ciliated at base within.
Anterior border of annul us ventralis nearly obliterated in the median line,
lateral borders raised into prominent tubercles, transverse fossa wide.

Length of body (male, form I.), 45 mm. Length of carapace, 22.5 mm.
Length of areola, 8 mm. Breadth of areola, 2 mm.

In the largest specimen seen, the dimensions of which are given above,
the lateral spines of the rostrum are obsolete, the margins simply notched
at base of the acumen ; in the other specimens the lateral rostral spines,
though small, are evident; the antennas in the larger specimens are shorter
in proportion 1o the length of the body.

Thirty-nine specimens (eighteen males, form I., two males, form II., and
nineteen females) were collected by C. L. Ilcrrick, for the U. S. National
Museum, in Second Creek. Waterloo, and in Cypress Creek. Lauderdale Co.,
Ala., October, 1882.

CAMBAEUS. 107

A small species, with lirsl abdominal appendage> of the male .-imilar In
those of C. immunis. It is readily distinguished from all the other species
with similar male appendages by (lie lateral compression of the cephalo-
thorax, form of the chela, etc.

46. Carnbarus medius.

Platv III. UK. 4, Plate IX. fins. 4. 4'.

CitiiifM.'i'.i,,n;/i/'.i, l''\\ns, r,-,,,.. \IIHT. \c:id. Arts anil Sri., XX. 121, 1884.

Male, form I. Eostruin of moderate length, excavated, slightly cari-
nated at the tip ; margins thickened, converging, pinnated near the tip to
form the short triangular acumen; no lateral spines. Post-orbital ridges
depressed, sulcatcd on external face, subacute anteriorly. Carapace sub-
cylindrical, somewhat flattened above, punctate, granulated on the sides;
cervical groove sinuate, no lateral or branchiostegian spine; sub-orbital an-
gle rounded; areola long (much more than half as long as the distance from
the cervical groove to the tip of the rostrum), of moderate width, punctate,
widening posteriorly. Abdomen as long as the cephalothorax ; telson
rounded behind, basal segment bispinons on each side of the posterior bor-
der. Basal segment of antennule with an interior median spine. Second
and third segments of antenna) not spinit'erous (flagellum of antenna' broken
off in the specimen examined, probably much shorter than the bodyi. Au-
tennal scale short, of moderate width, terminating in a short, acute spine.
Anterior process of epistoma triangular, apex pointed, sides convex. Third
maxillipeds bearded within. Chelipeds of moderate length, stout ; chela
broad, inflated, coarsely punctate above and below, external margin rounded ;
internal margin of hand with a double row of obsolescent tubercles; lingers
stout, gaping at base, costate, heavily dotted-lined, internal margins fur-
nished with rounded tubercles. Carpus sparsely punctate, armed with a
moderate median and a smaller basal internal spine; below, there are no
spines developed. Meros furnished with t\vo nearly obsolete obliipieh
placed tubercles near the distal extremity of superior border, and with a
double row of tubercles below. Second pair of legs provided with long cilia
towards their distal extremity. Third segment of third pair of legs hooked.
First pair of abdominal legs long (reaching to base of chelipeds). deeply bilid.
rami slender, straight, the outer one a little recurved at the tip. aciculate,
the inner one slightly dilated near the tip, blunt pointed ; a projecting angle
or shoulder at base of rami on anterior margin.

108 A REVISION OF THE ASTACIDJE.

Female. Hand small, fingers not gaping, ciliated within ; sternum
between fourth pair of legs plane ; an mil us ventralis bilaterally symmetrical,
anterior border bituberculate, posterior border unituberculate, transverse
fossa deep, recurved at each end.

Measurements of male, form I. Length of body, 49 mm. Length of
carapace, 25 mm. Length of rostrum, 6 mm. Length from end of rostrum
to cervical groove, 15.5 mm. Length from cervical groove to hind border
of carapace, 9.5 mm. Width of areola, 2 mm. Length of abdomen, 25 nun.
Length of chela, .23.5 mm. Length of internal margin of hand, 9.5 mm.
Breadth of chela, 11.5 mm. Length of movable finger, 14 mm.

Two specimens, first form of male and female, in the Museum of Compar-
ative Zoology, from Irondale, Mo.

This species has the general form of body, rostrum, and chelee of the
C. Bartonii group, together with the male abdominal appendages of the
C. affiins group. These appendages have a projecting shoulder at the base
of the rami, on the anterior edge, as in C. rubious, C. Pu/iMiiii, etc. C. iiii-
munis and C. Mississippiensis, belonging to the C. affinis group, also have the
rostrum devoid of lateral spines, but in general habit of body they do not
resemble C. Bartonii and its allies, as is the case with the present species.

47. Cambarus rusticus.

Plate IX. flgs. 8, 8', 8 a, 8 a' (flrst abdominal appendages of male).

Cambarus rusticus, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VI. S8, 1852.

Cambarus rusticus, HAGEN, 111. Cat, Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 71, PI. I. figs. 80-83, PI. III. fig. 161,

18/0.

Cambarus placidus, HAGEN, op. cit., p. 65, PI. I. figs. 76-79, PI. III. fig. 158, 1870.
Cambarus juvenilis, HAGEN, op. cit. p. 66, PI. I. figs. 29-33, PI. III. fig. 157, 1870.
Cambarus ntx/icus, SMITH, Rep. U. S. Coinni. Fish and Fisheries for 1872 and 1873, p. 639, 1874. (After

II.-ILTU. No description.)

Cambarus placidus, SMITH, op. cit.. p. 638, 1874. (After Hagen. No description.)
{'.,iinlii<fiix juri-iiiln, SMITH, op. cit., p. 38, 1874. (Alter Hageu. No description.)
Cambarus //'/'..rw/.v/,,,'//*/.?, l!rxv>Y, Bull 111. Mus. Nat Hist., No. I. p. 4, 1876. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V.

181, 1882. Geol Wis.. Surv. 1S73-1879, I. 402, ISsij.

Camlttmis /,1,1,-iilns, FORHKS, Hull. 111. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. I. pp. 4, 19, 1876. (After Hageu.)
Cambarui Wiscominensis, FOUISKS, op. nit., p. in. (Al'in- r.umh.)
Cambarus rustifus, liiixnv. Trims. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 181, ivs^. Grol. Wis., Surv. 1873-1879,1.402,

1883. (Not dosrrilx',1 )

Cambarus /,lni-i,lHs, ]',r\i.v. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., V. 181, 1882. (Not described.)
Cambarus rnsliciis, FAXON, Proc. Amor. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 148, 1884.

Male, form I. Rostrum long, narrow, concave on the sides, excavated,
margins thickened, dotted-lined. divergent at the base; acumen of moderate

CAMBARUS. lO'.i

length, triangular, with acute, upturned, brown, horny icrminiil spine; mar-
ginal spines short, upturned, fusco-conieous. Carapace llaltcned above,
punctate, lightly granulate on the sides, lateral spine small, often obsolete,
branchiostegian spine obsolete; posf-orbital ridgea terminating anteriorly in
a very short spine, which is sometimes obsolete in large specimens; anlero-
lateral border very slightly angulated behind the antenna-; areolii equal in
length to the distance from the cervical groove to the base of the io-inmi,
narrow, irregularly punctate, sides siibparallel for the greater part of its
length, divergent at the fore and hind ends. Abdomen a little shorter lli;m
the cephalothorax ; posterior border of telson rounded, posterior margin of
basal segment bispinose on each side. Basal segment, of anteimnle armed
with an interior spine near the apex of lower side. Antenna' about as long
as the body, spine on external margin of second segment small or obso-
lete ; scale broad, a trifle longer than the rostrum, widest beyond the middle,
thence tapering to the short, acute, horny-tipped, external apical spine. Third
maxillipeds hairy within, nearly naked below. Anterior process of epistoma
triangular, antero-lateral borders convex, lateral angles prominent, apex
usually blunt. Chela large, punctate ; internal border of hand furnished
with a double row of low depressed tubercles; fingers ornamented with lines
of dots, of moderate length (the movable finger not much more than twice
the length of internal margin of the hand) ; fingers gaping at the base, not
bearded, movable finger incurved, external margin concave, with obsoles-
cent tuberculation like that on the inner margin of the hand ; external
finger incurved, external margin convex; inner margins of both lingers
furnished with" rounded tubercles. Carpus broad, coarsely punctate above.
internal median spine small, in some examples obsolescent, inferior median
and external spines small or obsolete ; meros smooth on the external face,
with two small, obliquely placed superior sub-apical spines, one or both of
which may be obsolete, inferior biserial spines usually but slightly devel-
oped, except the apical one of each row. Third segment of third pair of legs
hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages, when turned forward, reach
the base of second pair of legs ; they are deeply bifid, the raini slender,
styliform, shorter than the proximal undivided part; outer ramus straight,
or arcuate (the concave side being posterior), subulate; inner ramus a litile
shorter than outer, straight or arcuate, a little incurved at the apex, tip
aciculate, or in old specimens dilated ; a projecting angle or shoulder on
the anterior margin at base of the rami.

110 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

Male, form II. Hooks of third pair of legs smaller ; first pair of abdom-
inal appendages thicker, bifid for but a short distance from the tip, rami
stout, the outer one the longer, the inner one slightly incurved, swollen at
tip, blunt pointed ; very slight trace, or none, of projecting angle on ante-
rior margin at base of the rami.

Female. Sternum between the fourth pair of legs smooth ; anterior
wall of annulus ventralis largely developed, bituberculate, fossa triangular,
posterior wall with a median, backward-projecting tubercle divided by a
longitudinal narrow fissure.

Length of a male, form II., 73 mm. Length of carapace, 36.5 mm.
Length of abdomen, 36.5 mm. Length of rostrum, 8.5 mm. From tip of
rostrum to cervical groove, 22.5 mm. From cervical groove to hind margin
of carapace, 14 mm. Width of areola, 1.5 mm.

Known Localities. Pennsylvania : Pittsburg (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) ;
Philadelphia Co. [?] (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). Ohio: Kelley's Island,
Lake Erie (Peabody Acad. Sci.); Miami River, Dayton (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila.); Yellow Springs; Cincinnati, Ohio River. Indiana: Madison, Ohio
River (Coll. 0. P. Hay); White River (Coll. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist); Indian-
apolis (Coll. Peabody Acad. Sci.). Illinois: Quincy ; Normal (W. F. Bundy).
Kentucky: Little Hickman, Kentucky River; Perry ville, Boyle Co.; Salt
River. Tennessee : Cumberland Gap ; Lebanon. Lake Superior. Wiscon-
sin: Racine; Beloit (W. F. Bundy); Ironton (W. F. Bundy); Fox River
(W. F. Bundy \_G. jjlucidas]). Iowa: Lizard Creek, Fort Dodge. Missouri:
Osage River. Arkansas: White River, Eureka Springs, Carroll Co. (Coll.
U. S. Nat. Mus.). Texas.

The above description is drawn up from Hagen's types of C. rmlicus
from Cincinnati, Ohio (M. C. Z., No. 285), and from specimens of the same
form from Yellow Springs, Ohio (M. C. Z., No. 3427). Hagen's type from
Lake Superior (M. C. Z., No. 187) differs in having very long, straight fingers,
not tuberculate on their inner margins, like C. placidus Hag.

In the larger males, form I., from Yellow Springs, the rami of the first
abdominal appendages are curved forwards a little at the base, and then
recurved toward the tip, forming an arc ; the tip of the inner rami is con-
siderably dilated. In very young specimens of both sexes (20 mm. long,
or thereabouts) there is a dense beard on the interior margin of the car-
pus and meros of the chelipeds, as well as on the inner side of the external
finger near the base. In some specimens the fingers are long and straight.

CAMBAEUS.

Girard's description of C. n^lii-ns is us follows :

"Rostrum narrower than in both C. ^////,/x ;m ii C. l',;i/,-i. and. besides.
concave on the sides. Terminal point, shorter than either of tin- piverdiiiir
species \_C. i><'Hiu-l<tns, afflnis, Om/mnix. and /V,/A/] ; anterior pair of al.dom-
inal legs (in the male) elongated, slender, with their tip curved inward.-.
whilst the same tips are straight in C. affinis, and twisted in C. i-lln,-i<l<ix.
The dorsal area is broader than in C. Pctilti.

"Locality. The Ohio, at Cincinnati."

This description does not fit very well, but Dr. Ilagcn examined one
of Girard's types and ascertained its identity.

Closely related to the above described form are Hagen's C. /i/,i,-;,l,^ and
C. juvcmlls. I find so many specimens among the material at my disposal
which combine characters of these three, that I am led to consider them
all as varieties or forms of C. rusticus.

In the type (male, form I.) of C. plci<ln*, from (,hiincy, 111. (M. C. Z.. No.
296), the rostrum is longer and narrower than in the typical C. nix/im*.
with longer acumen and lateral spines; the hands have long, straight, non-
tuberculate fingers, like the C. rusticus from Lake Superior mentioned above;
the rarai of the first pair of abdominal appendages are a little recurved, and
want the projecting shoulder at the base of the rami on the anterior border ;
the antennal scale is subtruncate, with longer apical spine. The types from
Lebanon, Tenn. (M. C. Z., Xo. 289), are second-form males and females. They
differ from the Quincy specimen in having a well-developed internal median
spine on the carpus, and an acute though small lateral spine on the carapace;
in some of these specimens the rostrum is slightly carinated near the tip; the
external ramus of the first abdominal appendage, instead of being straight.
as in the typical C. rusticus, is a little recurved at the tip. Of the types from
Texas (M. C. Z., No. 170) there are now five in the Museum collection, four
males of the first form, one male of the second form. In three of the first
forms a projecting shoulder is prominently developed on the anterior border
of the first pair of abdominal appendages, as in C. rusticus and C.juvemKs;
in the fourth specimen it is also present, but less marked. Two or three of
these examples further agree with the typical C. rusticus in the form of the
chela. The internal median carpal spine is strongly developed, the lateral
spine of the carapace small and acute, the inner row of inferior spine.- of
the meros well pronounced. The first pair of abdominal appendages in all
the first-form male types of C. placiiln* are a little longer than in (J. rusticus.

112 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

The types of C. juvemlis from Little Hickman, Ky. (M. C. Z., Nos. 213,
3347) differ from the types of C. rusticus in the following respects. The first-
pair of abdominal appendages are longer, reaching forwards as far as the
base of the chelipeds when the abdomen is flexed ; the rami are slenderer,
longer, and set at a slight angle with the basal part of the appendage ; the
inner ram us is straight, parallel with the outer ramus (not twisted), pointed
at the tip, not dilated. The margins of the rostrum are more thickened.
The punctation of the carapace is finer. The areola is narrower, the nar-
rowest part being in front of the centre, thence widening posteriorly ; it fol-
lows that the sides of the areola are not parallel for any distance, whereas
in C. rusticus the sides of the areola, after converging to the posterior end
of the anterior triangular field, run nearly parallel to one another for some
distance, diverging towards the posterior end of the carapace to form the
hinder triangular areolar field. The hand is short, with long fingers which
meet throughout their entire length ; the external finger is barbate within
at base. In the male of the second form the tip of the outer ramus of the
first abdominal appendages is slightly recurved.

There is, however, some variation among these types. In one male of
the first form the fingers are of moderate length, slightly gaping at the
base, the inner carpal spine small but acute ; the areola is of the form seen
in C. rnsficus.

Two female specimens from Cumberland Gap, Ky. (M. C. Z. 7 No. 3580)
agree with the types of C.juveniKs from Little Hickman.

Hagen's type of C. jueenilis from the Osage River (M. C. Z., No. 271)
differs from the Kentucky types, and agrees with the specimens from the
Osage River (M. C. Z., No. 3446) mentioned farther on.

Among specimens received from Perryville, Ky. (M. C. Z., Nos. 3442,
3443) and Salt River, Ky. (M. C. Z., No. 3578), which agree in most respects
with Hagen's types .of C. rusticus, many have an inflated hand, with very
convex external border and rather short fingers. The carapace is flattened
on the back. In many respects these specimens resemble C. jit/miti* ; and
if C.jnveuilis and C. rusticus be separated as two distinct species, it is hard
to say to which species these specimens should be assigned.

Specimens from Cumberland Gap, Ky., males of the first form (M. C. Z.,
No. 3444), have the rami of the first pair of abdominal appendages long
and slender, as in C. jitm/i/ix ; when the abdomen is flexed, these appen-
dages reach forward to the base of the chelipeds. The internal median

CA.MBAKU8. I !:;

and the inferior median anterior spines of the carpus arc well developed ;
of the opines of the Micros, the superior apical and the external row of the
inferior hiserial ones are developed; only one or t\\o of the distal ones of
the inner row are present. In one specimen the lingers arc much elongated.
There is a dark ring around the lingers near the tip. The carapace is
flattened above, densely and coarsely punctate, lateral spines small, acute ;
areola as wide as in the typical C. I'nxlinix, and of a similar form. A closely
similar form comes from Lizard Creek, Fort Dodge, Iowa (M. C. Z., No. 3504).

In small specimens, 52 mm. long, males of the second form and females,
from Southern Indiana (M. C. Z., No. of>~>3), the lateral spine of the carapace,
the anterior spine of the post-orbital ridge, and the spine of the carpus and
meros, are acute and well formed, though small. The rostrum is excavated,
and thickened on the margins, as in the typical C. rn-^/fux.

A type, male form II., of C. Wiycoiiv'iien-si-s Bundy, from Racine, Wis., re-
ceived from Dr. Bundy (M. C. Z., No. 3448), agrees in most particulars with
C. 2)ht('idtis Ilagen. The rostrum is shorter, and the internal part of the
first abdominal appendages is swollen near the tip, as in Hagen's C. /v.v//r//.v.
The anterior process of the epistoma is not truncate or emarginate. The
interior median and inferior median carpal spines are well developed.

In the same jar with C. vlrili* from the Osage River (M. C. Z., No. 169)
I find many small specimens, males of the second form and females, which
agree very closely with the types of C. ji/itrt'i/nx from Lebanon, Tenn., and
from Texas. With these goes a single first-form male from the same local-
ity (Osage River), determined by Ilagen as C. jiifnti/ix (M. C. Z., No. 271 ).
The largest of these specimens (a female) is 71 mm. long. The rostrum
and antennal scale are as in C. placiifu*, the fingers of moderate length, the
internal median carpal spine well developed, the inferior median carpal spine
small and acute (in the first-form male obsolescent), the areola narrow. The
first abdominal appendages of the first form of the male have a prominent
angle on the anterior border, the inner ramus is straight, dilated at the tip,
the outer ramus is a little recurved ; in the second form of the male the inner
ramus is straight, the outer slightly recurved at the tip. The inner side of
the base of the external finger is bearded in the female and second-form male,
naked in the first-form male. Differs from C. Putnam! in having a narrower,
more excavated rostrum, narrower areola, and shorter male appendages.

In the collections of the Peabody Academy of Science, the Boston Soci-
ety of Natural History, and Bowdoin College, there are many young speci-

15

114 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

mens, second-form males and females, from Bradford, Ind., collected by A. S.
Packard, Jr., labelled (apparently in Dr. Packard's hand) "Camlams spinosus
Bundy," in one case "Cnmlarus spinostis Bundy, fide Bundy." They are cer-
tainly not C. spinosus, which is a Southern species with a short areola. I
think they are young C. rusticus, some of them possibly C. Pntnami. The
areola is rather broad for C. rusticus, and the male appendages are rather
short for C. Putnami. In some of these specimens the rostrum is broad and
nearly plane (in this resembling C. obscurus], and even a little carinated near
the tip. The tips of the fingers are orange-color preceded by a dark ring.

All the forms mentioned above agree in having an excavated rostrum
with thickened margins, a long and narrow areola, the first pair of abdomi-
nal appendages of the first-form male furnished with a projecting angle on
the anterior margin at base of rami (except in the C. placidus from Quincy,
111., in which this angle is obsolete), the rami long and straight or the outer
one somewhat recurved. The chelce have a double row of low, inconspicuous
tubercles on their inner margin. They vary somewhat in the width of the
rostrum and areola, in the development of the spines of the rostrum, cara-
pace, carpus, and meros, in the length and curve of the fingers, and in the
length of the rami of the first abdominal appendages. After a careful com-
parison of all the specimens before me, I am inclined to unite them all as
forms of C. rusticus.

In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
are five dry specimens of this species (Nos. 126 a , 126 c ), which, according to
the labels, came from the State of Pennsylvania. Two of these are labelled
by Dr. Hagen "C. placidus." Three (12G a , 126 c , Philadelphia Co. and Pitts-
burg) are in the same box together, labelled "A. Bartoirir by Gibbes, "(7. affi-
nis " by Hagen ; and on pages 62 and 78 of his Monograph Dr. Hagen says
that the types of A. Bartonii Gibbes in the Philadelphia Academy are C. affinis
Say. When I examined the Philadelphia collection in December, 1882, they
seemed to me surely C. placidus Hagen. No. 126 b in the same collection,
labelled "(7. affinis Say (C. Barlomi Gibbes)," is the true C. Bartonii, from Dela-
ware. There is little chance that transposition of labels has taken place, as
the number is pasted upon the specimens, and Gibbes's label and the original
locality label bear the same number.

r.\Mi:Al;rs.
48. Cambarus spinosus.

Plate IX. MRS. 7, 7', 7 a, 7 11' <iii-i ftbdomJoal ip] ol ui;ii<'>.

<',ti,ilnti-nx x/ii/tnx/ix, 111 Mil. 1'rnr. \rail.Yil Sci. I'liil.-i. I , , |. I?!!.
iix. !' \\IIN, I'nuv Anirr. Acail. Arts ami Sri.. \\. ll\

Male, form II. Rostrum broad. excavated, the raised margins parallel
and continued back on the carapace between the post-orbital ridges, ;m
impressed ciliated line on each margin; acumen long, acute, with well-
developed lateral teeth at base. Post-orbital ridges sulcate without, wiib
short anterior spines. Carapace ovoid, smooth and punctate above, lightly
granulated and ciliated on the sides, lateral spines single, long, acute; cervi-
cal groove not sinuous; small branchiostegian spines; front border of cara-
pace a little angulated behind the antenna) ; areola moderately wide, of
equal width before and behind, punctate, equal in length to half the dis-
tance from cervical groove to lateral rostral spines. Abdomen equal to the
cephalothorax in length, mostly smooth, proximal segment of telson hispi-
nose on each side. Epistoma wide, emarginatc in front. Antenna; long (as
long as the body or longer) ; scale as long as the rostrum, narrow, widest
in the middle, thence tapering gradually to the long, sharp, apical tooth ;
external border inflated, turned outward at the distal end. Third pair of
maxillipeds hairy without, naked below. Chela of moderate size, punctate
above, smooth below, a double row of ciliated tubercles on the inner border
of the hand; fingers of moderate length, slightly gaping at base, costate
and ciliate-punctate, toothed and ciliate on inner border ; outer margin of
movable finger with two or three rows of tubercles. Carpus tuberculate
above, internal border with a large, curved, sharp median spine, and a small
anterior and posterior spine; below there is a large median spine on anterior
margin, and a smaller one at the point of articulation with the hand. Mcros
with two obliquely disposed spines near the distal end of superior border;
the outer row of the biserial spines beneath consists of the two distal spines
alone. Third pair of legs hooked. Anterior pair of abdominal appendage-
very long, reaching forward to the base of the large claws, deeply bilid, rami
slender, blunt-pointed, outer ramus longer than the inner, a little recurved

at the tip.

Male, form I. According to Bundy, the hooks on the third legs are
larger; first pair of abdominal appendages ''strongly bilid, tips of equal
length, very slender, straight, separating at node; anterior margin with a

116 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

tooth or projecting angle about midway from base to extremities; apical
forming a very obtuse angle with basal half."

Female. Fingers shorter than in the male ; annulus ventralis with a
large tubercle on the posterior margin divided in the middle by a longitu-
dinal sinuous line, anterior border bituberculate, fossa deep, transverse.

Measurements of a male, form II. Length, 70 mm. Cephalothorax, 35
mm. Abdomen, 35 mm. From tip of rostrum to cervical groove, 24 mm.
From cervical groove to posterior border of telson, 10 mm. Length of
rostrum, 11 mm. Width of rostrum, 4.5 mm. Length of acumen of ros-
trum, 5 mm.

Known Localities. South Carolina: Saluda River (Coll. Butler Univ.).
Georgia : neighborhood of Rome (Etowah, Oostenaula, and Coosa Rivers).
Tennessee River near border of Georgia. Alabama : Cypress Creek, Lau-
derdale Co.

The specimens described by Bundy were collected in the neighborhood
of Rome, Ga., by Prof. D. S. Jordan. Some of these specimens have been
communicated to me by Prof. 0. P. Hay, of Butler University, Irvington,
Ind., and Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Baltimore, Md. They embrace males of the
second form, females, and young. According to Bundy, only one out of the
nineteen specimens examined by him was a male of the first form.

In general appearance this species resembles C. affinis, but differs in
being smoother, in the shortness of the carapace behind the cervical groove,
the single lateral spine, the absence of spines on the hepatic region, emar-
ginate epistoma, longer antennae, and in the form of the male appendages,
which resemble those of C. rusticus and C. obscnnts. In these, however, the
male appendages are shorter, and the rami are shorter relatively to the
length of the whole appendage.

The female specimen from the Tennessee River near the borders of
Georgia, mentioned by Hagen under C. extranem as resembling C. (tffinis,
belongs to this species. Jordan also found C. spinosus in company with
C. extraneus in the rivers explored by him in the neighborhood of Rome,
Georgia.

In the collection of Butler University is a single female C. spinosus, col-
lected by Jordan in the Saluda River, South Carolina. In this specimen the
posterior section of the carapace is a little longer than in the Georgian types,
the distance from the cervical groove to the posterior border of the cara-
pace being equal to half the distance from the groove to the middle of the

CAMBARUS. 117

acumen of the rostrum, and (lie anterior process of the e|>isloma is lunger
and not emarginate.

Before thi.s species was well known, the female mighf easily have I. ecu
confounded with ('. ujjinix. I suspect that the female specimen from (ireen-
villc. South Carolina, in the Berlin Museum, referred to C. njjinlx by Krieh-
son, belongs here.

The Saluda River specimen is the largest seen by me. It measures .'!.',
inches in length. Bundy gives the length of the largest examined by him
as 3f inches.

Specimens collected for the U. S. National Museum in Lauderdale Co.,
Alabama, by C. L. Herrick, agree in most respects with the specimens from
Georgia, but differ as follows. The lateral margins of the rostrum, instead
of being very nearly parallel from the base to the lateral spines, converge
very perceptibly from the base to midway between the base and the lateral
spines; the epistoma is longer, but emarginate in full-grown specimens, like
the type form ; the carapace is more heavily punctate. I am inclined to
regard it as a variety of C. s>>/i/x//x.

Among these specimens from Lauderdale Co. is the first form of the
male, in which the hand is broader and shorter-fingered than in the second
form, and the hooks on third legs larger; the first abdominal appendages
(PL IX. figs. 7, 7') agree pretty well with Bundy's description of these parts
in C. s/>inoxits, but the outer ram us is a little longer than the inner. The
shoulder at the base of the rami, on the anterior border, is very prominent ;
the inner ramus is thicker than the outer, lanceolate at the tip, the outer
aculeate at the tip. The rami form a hardly perceptible angle with the basal
part of the appendage. The coloration of these specimens agrees with
Bundy's description of the color markings of C. sju'iiosits. The fingers have
a dark band near their tips, the tips being orange; outer margin of outer
finger with a dark stripe continued on the outer margin of the hand to
the carpus ; two or three dark spots on the hand at the base of the mova-
ble finger. Until I have seen the first form of the male of C. sjrinostts from
Georgia, I cannot be positive of its specific identity with the Alabama
specimens.

118 A REVISION OF THE ASTACiD^E.

49. Cambarus Putnami.

Plate V. lie. 0. Plate IX. Hen. 6, <;', 6 a, 6 a'.
Catnbarus Putuami, FAXON, 1'roc. Amor. Acad. Arts and !sci , XX Kit, 1SS).

Male, form I. Rostrum broad, subexcavated, margins nearly parallel,
with a line of ciliated puncta; acumen long, equal in length to the width of
base of rostrum, narrow, acute, with a black horny tip and lateral spines.
Post-orbital ridges sulcate on external side, inflated at posterior end, armed
witli a sharp, horny-tipped anterior spine. Carapace long-oval, .slightly flat-
tened above, heavily punctated, sides rough with ciliated granules ; cervi-
cal groove deep, lightly sinuate, broken on the sides just above the small,
acute lateral spine ; branchiostegian spine slightly developed ; anterior lat-
<-r;il margins angulated, but without sub-orbital spine. Posterior segment
of carapace equal in length to half the distance from tip of rostrum to
cervical groove. Areola of moderate width, punctated. Abdomen as long
as cephalothorax, pleura punctate, telson bispinose on each side. Ante-
rior process of epistoma ciliated, triangular, sides convex. m;irgin;itc. Basal
segment of antennule armed below with an internal ante-apical spine. An-
tenna) slender, about as long as the body, scale as long as the rostrum, of
moderate width, external border inflated, ending in a, sharp spine. Third
maxillipeds hairy within and below. Chelipeds stout ; chela large, external
margin convex; hand ciliate and punctate above and below (the dots large),
swollen above, internal border of moderate length and furnished with two or
three rows of depressed ciliated tubercles; fingers gaping at base, at least in
large individuals, costate and punctate-lined, external margin of movable
finger with depressed ciliated tubercles irregularly disposed in two rows;
tips of fingers incurved, horny. Carpus smooth or faintly tubcrculate above ;
a large, acute median internal spine, and small proximal and distal internal
spines ; beneath, the carpus has a very minute or no median anterior spine,
a short and acute external spine. Mcros with two superior obliquely placed
ante-apical spines; of the ordinary biserial inferior spines only the distal one
or two of the outer row are developed. Third pair of legs hooked on third
segment. Thoracic sterna hairy. First, pair of abdominal appendages very
long, reaching the base of the c.helipeds when the abdomen is flexed, tuber-
culated on infernal bonier at the base, deeply bifid; raiui slender, acute,
forming an acute angle with the basal part, (lie outer slightly recurved, the

CAMBABU8. I I'.t

inner shorter, incurved, mid :i little diluted before (In- tip ; a projecting angle
or shoulder on the anterior bonier at base of rami.

Male, form II. Chela smaller, lingers not gaping, hook on third segment
of third pair of legs smaller; lirst pair of abdominal appendages split only
half as far down as in the first, form, rami much thicker, no projecting angle
on the anterior border; these appendages are as long as in the lirsl lorrn,
re, idling forward to the base of the chehpeds; they are arlicnla.led near
the base.

Female. Chela shorter and wider, external linger bearded within at
base; sternum between fourth pair of legs non-tuberculate, lightly ciliale.
Annulus ventralis large, transverse fossa, broad and deep, anterior border
bituberculate.

Measurements of a male, form I. Length of body, 7-'> mm. Length of
carapace, :!i; mm. From lip of rostrum to cervical groove, "1 1 mm. From
cervical groove to hind border of carapace, 12 mm. Length of rostrum,
11 mm. Breadth of rostrum at base, 4.5 mm. Length of acumen of rostrum,
4 mm. Width of areola, 2.5 mm. Length of abdomen, 37 mrn. Length of
chela, 34 mm. Breadth of chela, 14 mrn. Length of movable finger, 22 mm.

Known Local'ilics. Kentucky: Grayson Springs, Grayson Co.; Green
River, near Mammoth Cave ; Cumberland Gap.

M. C. Z.. No. 3574 (young female), from Knoxville, Tenn., Walter
Faxon, and No. 3575 (male, form II.), from Bradford, Ind., A. S. Packard,
Jr., probably belong to this species, but the specimens are too young to
determine with confidence.

This species resembles C. spinosus, from which it is easily distinguished
by the length of the posterior section of the carapace, and by the length of
the male appendages. From C. affmh it may be separated by the different
form of the male appendages and female annul us ventralis, and by the single
lateral spine of the carapace. I have seen males of the first form only
34 mm. in length.

50. Cambarus forceps.

Plate V. IB. . riaic- i\. lit"*. r>, r,', fia, Sat.
Camtanu forcep PAXOH, Proc. Amer. Ac : nd Sci., XX L33

Male, form I. Rostrum narrow, excavated, faintly carinated in the mid-
dle; margins divergent at the base, thickened, dotted-lined ; acumen long

120 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

and narrow, horny-tipped ; lateral spines small. Post-orbital ridges not very
prominent except anteriorly, where they terminate in a spine with a corne-
ous tip. Carapace cylindroidal, punctate above, granulated on the' sides,
antero-lateral margins bluntly angulated ; cervical groove sinuate ; small and
acute lateral spine ; no branchiostegian spine ; areola of moderate width,
punctate. Abdomen as long as the cephalothorax ; telson rounded behind,
bispinose on each side. Epistoma smooth, anterior process triangular, in .
some specimens truncate. Thoracic sterna with silky setas at bases of the
legs. Antennas slender, as long as the body ; scale a little longer than the
rostrum, oiVmoderate width, subtruncate at distal end, outer margin ending
in a long, sharp, somewhat outwardly directed spine. Third pair of maxilli-
peds hairy within. Chelipeds short, stout; chelre large, wide, with slender
cylindrical, widely gaping fingers, which are curved outward at the base and
opposable only at their tips ; hand thickly punctated above and below, inner
margin obscurely serrate; fingers naked at base, with parallel rows of ciliated
dots ; a dark hand around both the inner and outer fingers a little distance
from the tip. Carpus punctate above, with a strong, sharp internal median
spine ; below there is no anterior median spine, and only a very minute ex-
ternal one. Meros short ; of the biserial inferior spines only the distal one
in each row is usually developed to any extent ; above there are commonly
two obliquely placed ante-apical spines, in some specimens only one. Distal
portion of the following pairs of legs furnished with long setre, especially
long on the second pair of legs. Third segment of third pair of legs hooked.
First pair of abdominal appendages long, deeply bifid ; rami slender, straight,
parallel, the outer a little longer than the inner, and a little recurved at the
tip ; in some specimens the anterior border at the base of the rami has a
projecting angle or shoulder, but in most specimens this is not evident.

Female. Fingers straighter. Base of external finger has a dense beard
on the inside ; in a few of the specimens seen, the fingers are longer, nearly
straight, their opposed margins almost meeting throughout their length.
Annulus ventralis bilaterally symmetrical, anterior margin bituberculate,
posterior margin unituberculate, fossa transverse.

Dimensions of a male, form I. Length of body, 38 mm. Length
of carapace, 19.5 mm. Length of abdomen, 18.5 mm. From tip of ros-
trum to cervical groove, 14 mm. From cervical groove to posterior bor-
der of carapace, 6 mm. Length of rostrum, 5 mm. Length of acumen of
rostrum, 2 mm. Width of areola, 1 mm. Length of antenna, 36 mm.

CAMBAHUS. |-jl

Length of chela, 10 mm. Breadth of chela, 7 "> nun. Length of movable
finger, 10.5 nun.

The largest female specimen is 00 millimeters in length.

Locality. Cypress Creek, Lauderdale Co., Ala.

Nine specimens, four males of the lirst form and five females, collected
by C. L. Herrick for the U. S. National Museum, October. 1XS

This is a small species with large hand, slender lingers widely separated
at base and meeting only at the tips. In the female there is a heavy beard
at base of external finger on the inner side.

In the summer of 1872, I collected in a brook at Knoxvillc, Tenn., six
specimens, three second-form males and three females, which closely resem-
ble those obtained by Mr. Herrick in Alabama, and belong, I think, to the
same species. The external finger of the males is densely bearded within at
the base, as in the females from Alabama; the first abdominal appendages
reach forward to the base of the second pair of legs, are bifid at the tip, the
internal and external parts are thick, blunt at the tip, the outer somewhat
longer than the inner, and slightly recurved at the tip.

GROUP V. (TYPE, C. Montezumee.)

Third segment of the second and third pairs of leg* hooked. Firxl /></!,
of (tMoiniiii.il appendages of the male similar to those of the sjiccies included in
Group IV.

51. Cambarus Montezumae.

Plate II. fig. 6, Plate X. tigs. 7, 7', 7 a, 7 a'.

Cambafits ~tf<jnle:u>,i/r, SAUSSURE, Rev. et M:iir. do Zool, 2" Ser., IX. 102, 1S57. Mem. Soc. Pliys. Hist.

Nat. Geneve, XIV. 459, PI. III. fig. 22. 1858.

Cambarus Monh-:it,iur, var. tr'xleitx, VON MAKTKXS, Arch. Xatunjrsrli., XXXVIII. Jaliri,'., I. 130, 1872.
Cambarus 3Ionte:umte, FAXON, Proc. Amcr. Acuil. Arts and Sri., XX. Mil,

Cambarus Monleztomr and C. ShxfMIH are small species distinguished from
all the others of the genus by having hooks on the third joint of tli
and third pairs of legs of the male. In C. 31trzuii/<r the rostrum is plane or
lightly concave above, with a slightly raised margin; it varies much in its
shape. In the typical form, as described and figured by Saussnre. its mar-
gins are subparallel from the base to near the extremity, where they con-

10

122 A EEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

verge to form the short acumen, without lateral angle or spine. In other
specimens there are lateral spines at the base of the acumen (var. ttidcns of
Yon Martens), and in an intermediate form the rostrum is simply angulated
instead of spinous at the base of the acumen. The sides may be more or
less convergent from the base. In specimens from Mazatlan, the rostrum,
although destitute of lateral spines, differs from the typical form in being
longer and more tapering. The post-orbital ridges are in some specimens
unarmed at the "anterior end, in others they end in a sharp spine. The fore
border of the carapace is angulated under the orbit. No branchiostegian
spine. Carapace smooth, punctate on the gastric region and areola. No
lateral spine. Areola of moderate width. Abdomen longer than the cephalo-
thorax, broad, especially in the female. Anterior segment of telson armed
on each side with one, two, or (seldom) three spines. Antennal scale broad.
Chelipeds without spines or tubercles, excepting, in some specimens, one or
two spicules at distal end of superior border of the meros ; hand of male
long, cylindrical, inflated ; fingers slender, with cutting edges smooth, meeting
throughout their length. In the female the chela is shorter and broader.

In the first form of the male the third segment of the second and third
pairs of legs has a sharp hook, the first abdominal appendages are of mod-
erate length, recurved, bifid, the rami divaricate, horny-tipped, the outer
one ending in a slender recurved point, and furnished with a single seta
on its posterior border, the inner one laterally compressed, spoon-shaped at
the end.

The second form of the male has the hooks on the second and third pairs
of legs slightly developed, the first pair of abdominal appendages less deeply
bifid, the tips of the rami membranous and both blunt.

Annulus ventralis of the female movable, fixed only at the posterior end,
between the sterna of the penultimate and the last thoracic somites. The
ventral face of the unnulus is marked by a longitudinal fossa open at the
posterior end.

Saussure's types of C. Moii/czitincc in the Berlin Zoological Museum were
examined in September, 1870, by Dr. Hagen, who has kindly furnished me
with the following information concerning them. The types are in alcohol,
male, form I., and female. In the male (young) the rostrum is nearly
rounded in front. Another jar contains male, form II., and female, also from
Saussure, with tridentate rostrum. The second and third pairs of legs are
hooked, as is stated by Saussure.

In Archiv fiir Natiirgesrhichte. XXX\'II1.. 1.-7-, page 1 '!<>. \'<m .Martens
communicates SOUK- remarks upon tin- form with lateral rostral spines,
received by the Berlin Museum from I'nebla, Mexico, together \\iili tin;
typical C. Minil<::imtir and C. A:J<rttx. This form he calls ('<i,nl>nt* M<nilr-
zitma; var. lri<lcn*. The largest part of those which I have myself seen,
amounting to .about seventy specimens, have the lateral spines on the
rostrum, but in some specimens the spines are very small, and in others
reduced to a mere angle at the base of the acumen.

Some of the female specimens collected by Prof. A. Dnges, in the col-
lections of the U. S. National Museum, have a short, broad, and hirsute
chela.

Five imperfectly preserved dry specimens in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology come from Mazatlan. These specimens have a rather long, taper-
ing, entire rostrum, but do not differ from G. Montczumw enough to warrant
separation. The sexual parts are the same as in the more eastern speci-
mens. It appears from these specimens that the genus Cambarus extends,
in Mexico, to the Pacific coast.

There are also in this Museum six specimens, two males, form I., three
females, and one young male, collected by Mr. Edward Palmer near Pan-as,
Cohahuila, Mexico, which differ from C. Montiziniut; var. h-idcits, in having
the section of the carapace posterior to the cervical groove shorter, the
areola much broader. This form, which I have named provisionally C'. M<i-
t<'~.uma\ var. arcolata, may prove to be a good species. But considering the
variability of individuals of C. Mo>itczitift; and the small number of Mexican
localities from which specimens have been received, I prefer to treat this
form as a variety simply, the more because the sexual parts of both male
and female are like those of C. Monteziumc. In this form, the distance from
the cervical groove to the posterior margin of the carapace is half (or even
less) the distance from the cervical groove to the lateral rostral spines. The
areola is about half as broad as it is long. Length of body, "2 S mm.

The largest specimen of C. Moiiti^inntr which I have seen measures
38 mm. from tip of rostrum to end of the telson.

Known Localities. Mexico: marshes of the Valley of Mexico (Sans-
sure); ponds, Chapultepec ; Lake Tezcoco,* near city of Mexico; Pn.-l.la
(Von Martens); Lake San Roque, Trapuato (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Pan as;
Mazatlan.

* Lake Tezcoco is said to be salt.

124 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

52. Cambarus Shufeldtii.

Plate VII. fig. 1, Plate X. figs. 8, 8', 8 a, 8 a.

Cambarus Shufeldtii, FAXON, Proc. Ainer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. ]34, 1S84.

Male, form I. Rostrum plane above, margins a little convergent, raised
into a slight rim from the base to the lateral spines, which are prominent
and acute ; acumen of moderate length, acute, pubescent. Post-orbital
ridges with anterior spines. Carapace smooth ; a sharp spine on the cervi-
cal groove on each side ; sub-orbital angle prominent, branchiostegian spine
present. Areola of moderate breadth. Telson bispinous on each side.
Epistorna triangular. Antennal scale broad. Hand smooth, cylindrical, in-
flated ; fingers slender, incurved at the tips. Carpus smooth, armed with
a single spine on the antero-inferior border. Meros provided with a single
spine near the distal end of the superior margin, and two or three below.
Third segment of second and third pairs of legs hooked. First pair of ab-
dominal appendages straight, bifid, inner part ending in a straight, acute tip,
outer part split at the tip into two straight acute points.

In the second form of the male the hooks upon the thoracic legs are very
slightly developed, and the first abdominal appendages are less deeply cleft,
with blunter and less finished tips. The chela is shorter.

In the female the chela is much shorter, broader, and less cylindrical, the
abdomen broader. Annulus ventralis a transverse curved ridge, the hind
side of the ridge concave.

Length, 19 to 27 mm.

Locality. Near New Orleans, La.

Found with C. Clarlcii in the collection made by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt,
U. S. A., in 1883, now in the U. S. National Museum.

This is a minute species closely related to C. Montezimm from Mexico.
Like that species, it has the second and third pairs of legs hooked in the male,
a condition which normally obtains in no other species known.* G. Shufeldtii
is distinguished from C. Montezumoe by the presence of a lateral spine on the
carapace and by the form of the male appendages. In the latter species the
tips of these appendages are recurved, the inner part flattened at the end
into a spoon-shaped surface. In C. ShufelMu the tips of these organs are
straight, and each of the three points in which they terminate is acute.

* I have seen two or three abnormal specimens of <_'. rifili* and C. propinquus with a like disposition
of hooks ou the legs. The same arrangement is found in the three species of Cambaroides from the Amoor
lliver basin and Japan.

ASTACI S. . \-2~>

ASTAC r s.

Ix the genus Astacus the last thoracic somite bears a gill iplenm
branchia) on each side, the full nunilicr of trills heing thirty-six (eighteen
in each branchial chamber). There are lie-sides two or three nidimentarv
gills on each side of the body. The hindmost podohranchia is provided
with a plaited, bilobed lamina, like those in front. The arrangement of the
gills is expressed in the following formula :

SOMITE. I'OUOBHANCIII.E. A.RTHIIOBRAXCRL&. PLEUKOBRANCHLK.

1'usteriur.

VI. . . .

(ep

.) . . . .

.

. .

VII. . . .

1 .

. . 1 . . .

.

. .

VIII. . . .

1 .

. . 1 . .

. 1 .

. .

IX. . . .

1 .

1

1 .

. .

X. ...

1 .

. . 1 . .

. 1 .

. . or r

XI. . . .

1 .

. . 1 . .

. 1 .

r

XII. . . .

1 .

. . 1 . .

. 1 .

r

XIII.

I

= 3

= 3

3 or 3 + r

= 3 + r

1

6-|_ep. + 6

The orifice of the green gland is situate on the posterior face of the tu-
bercle. The annulus ventralis is represented by a transverse ridge behind
the penultimate thoracic sternum.

The Astaci occupy three widely separated geographical areas: 1. Western
North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean;* 2. The
western portion of the Europteo- Asiatic continent, from the Ural Mountains
and the basin of the Sea of Aral to the Spanish peninsula and Ireland ;
3. Eastern Asia in the Amoor River system (Transbaikailia, Territory of
Amoor, and Manchooria), and in Japan. No Astaci are known from any
part of Siberia between Lake Baikal and the Ural Mountains, or from any
of the Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean. t

The North American and European Astaci form a natural group (Astacus
proper). In these the body is robust and ovate, the first pair of abdominal

* One species, A. Gambelii, has invaded (lie territory nf the C;mil>uri. followi'iii; down the Yellowstone
River to its mouth.

f That is, uo species known to be indigenous. A. Ifplodai-h/lits hns I..-, n a: Si i.dly introduced into the
Irtish River basin.

126 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

appendages of the male are neither bifid nor toothed at the tip, and there
are no hooks near the base of any of the thoracic legs.

The Astaci from Western Asia curiously simulate the Cambari of North
America in the general shape of the subcylindrical body and in the form
of the chelipeds. The second and third pairs of thoracic legs of the male
bear hooks on the third segment similar to those of the male Cambarus,
and the first pair of abdominal appendages are terminated with short teeth.
The three Asiatic species, A. Japonicus, Daitricits, and Schrcncltii, thus form
a second natural group, combining some of the characters of Astacus and
Cambarus. This group I have called Cambaroides.

SUBGENUS CAMBAROIDES.

Cephalothorax subcylindrical. Last thoracic segment bearing a pair of
pleurobranchise. Third segment of second and third pairs of legs of the
male hooked. First pair of abdominal appendages of the male terminating
in short teeth or tubercles.

The three species Astacus Juponicus, Dauncits, and SchrencJdi, from Japan
and the basin of the Amoor River, widely separated from the rest of their
family in geographical position, form a natural group of subgeneric value,
to which I have given the name Cambaroides. In them is found a com-
bination of characters of Astacus and Cambarus. In the general appear-
ance of the body, with its subcylindrical cephalothorax, and in the form
of the rostrum and chelipeds, these Asiatic Astacidae strikingly recall the
Cambari of North America, and their affinity is made more evident through
the hooked thoracic legs and tooth-tipped sexual appendages of the male.
The hooks are situate, in all these species, on the third segment of the
second and third pairs of legs, as in Cambants Montczimm and Skufeldtii.
The rostrum is devoid of lateral teeth. The carpus is armed with a strong
median internal and an anterior inferior spine. The external flagellum of
the antennules is serrate below, each segment being produced at its antero-
inferior angle, which bears a bundle of eight or ten of Ley dig's olfactory
organs. These are arranged in a single group on each antennulary segment,
instead of being distributed into two bundles, as in Cambarus and Astacus
proper.* The front border of the carapace is strongly angulated behind the

* The same arrangement of the olfactory selfe is found in the Parastacinse.

A STATUS.

eyes. The aroola is broad, about one half as hrond as long. The lel.-on is
notched on each side, and furnished with one or two spines, but it is not
divided by a transverse suture. In this respect these species resemble the
Parastacinae of the Southern hemisphere. The transverse suture of the tel-
son is most complete in the genus Cambarus and in the Kurope:m A<i;ici.
The Astaci of Western North America occupy a middle ground in this
regard, the suture being incomplete or absent.

In all the male specimens of Cambaroides that I have seen (one' A. Dnm-i-
cm, three A. Japonictts), the first abdominal appendages are divided into two
sections by a transverse suture. The distal portion of these appendages is
so closely rolled and consolidated that a mere groove remains on the inner
side. The tip is truncate, and furnished with a few short blunt teeth or
tubercles. I suspect the existence of two forms of the male here, as in Cam-
barus, for in the male specimen of A. Daiiricus the hooks on the thoracic legs
are strongly developed, and some of the teeth at the end of the first abdomi-
nal appendages are brown and horny at the tips, whilst in the three male
A. Japonlcus the hooks of the thoracic legs are weak, and the terminal teeth
of the first abdominal appendages are smaller and not of a horny texture.

The second pair of abdominal appendages of the male are somewhat dif-
ferent from those in the genera Cambarus and Astacus proper. The terminal
part of the endopodite, which retains the membranous character of the ex-
opodita in Cambarus and Astacus proper, is here corneous, very short, and
closely applied to the rolled lamella which lies on the inner side of the
appendage. The rolled part assumes a somewhat triangular shape, as in
Cambarus and the Astaci of Western North America.*

In the female of A. Schrenr-hii there is a transverse tubercle behind the
sternum of the penultimate thoracic somite, much as in Astacus proper. In
A. Dauticus and A. Japouicus this transverse tubercle or ridge is hollowed out
behind, but still remains closely soldered to the sternum. The first abdomi-
nal somite of the female is devoid of appendages, as in the American species
of Astacus and in the Parastacinae.

In the number and arrangement of the gills, Cambaroides agrees with
Astacus, and differs from Cambarus.

The post-orbital ridge is slightly developed in all the species. It is least
prominent in A. Japow'ats, in which even the anterior end of the ridge is

* Tlie reader is referred to page 17 of Horn's MVmoirrapli. and to page 110 of llii\lr\'s " Cra\ li-!
a general description of these appendages in Cambarus and Astacus proper.

128 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

barely indicated as a minute tubercle. In A. Dauncus the post-orbital
spine is more prominent ; it lies very close to the margin of the cara-
pace ; the ridge continues but a very short distance backward from the
spine. In A. Schrenckii the spine and ridge are more pronounced, but
still small.

The three species may be separated by the following table :

A. Lateral spine behind the cervical suture. Rostrum convex above A. Schrenckii.

B. No lateral spine behind the cervical suture. Rostrum concave and lightly cariuate above.

a. Rostrum equal iu length to peduncle of antennae. Abdominal pleura narrow, pointed. A. Dauricus.

b. Rostrum shorter than peduncle of anteuuse. Abdominal pleura broad, rounded. . . A. Japonicus.

1. Astacus (Cambaroides) Japonicus.

Plate X. figs. 10, 1O' (first abdominal appendages of male).

Astacus Japonicus, DE HAAN, Crustacea of Siebold's Fauna Japonica, p. 164, Tab. XXXV. Cg. 9, 1842.
Astacus Japonicus, ERICIISON, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 91, 1846. (After De Haan.)
Astacus Japonicus ? KESSLER, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 364, 1S74.
Astacus (Cambamides) Japonicus, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 149, 1884.

HuMat. Japan.

Prof. C. 0. Whitman, to whom the Museum of Comparative Zoology is
indebted for four specimens of this species, informs me, that, during his
residence in Japan, he could not learn of its occurrence in Niphon, the
main island of the Empire, all the specimens known to him coming from the
island of Yesso. Kessler's specimens came from the same locality as Prof.
Whitman's, viz. Hakodadi, Yesso.

In the four specimens received from Prof. Whitman, the posterior mar-
gin of the telson is rounded, and shows no trace of the deep median notch
described and figured by De Haan. In this respect, these examples agree
Avith those described by Kessler. Individuals with similarly notched telson
are found in some other species, e. g. A. Gambelii, although in these the
emargination is less pronounced.

The rostrum terminates in three minute horny points. The branchial
formula is the same as in Astacus fiuviatilis, there being one pleurobranchia
(on each side) on the last thoracic somite, and one rudimentary pleuro-
branchia, in the shape of a simple filament, on each of the three antecedent
somites.

The arrangement of the gills is shown in the following table :

A.STACUS. I-.,,

SOMITE. PODOBBAHCHM!, ARTIIIiol.KAX, 11, i: PLBUBOBRASCIM.

AnliTHir. I'nstfrior.

= (op.)
= 2
= 3
= 3

VI. . .

0(ep.) .

...()..

VII. . .

. . 1 . . .

1

. . . . .

.

VIII. . .

. . 1 . . .

1

. . . 1 . .

. (1

IX. . .

. . 1 . . .

1

. . . 1 . .

.

X. . .

. . 1 . . .

1

. . . 1 . .

r

XI. . .

. . 1 . . .

1

. . . 1 . .

r

XII. . .

. . 1 . . .

1

. . . 1 . .

. r

XIII. . .

. . . . .

...

1

= 1

6-fep. 4- <i 4- _j_ 1 4- 3 > = 18 4-3 /-4-ep.

The structure of the gills and coxopoditic sette is the same as in tlie
Astaci proper.

2. Astacus (Cambaroides) Dauricus.

Plate X. figs. 9, 9' (first abdominal appendages of male).

Astacus Dauiiricus, PALLA.S, Spicilegia Zoologica, Fasc. IX. p. 81, 1772.

Cancer Dauttricus, PALLAS, 1. c.

Dauurische Krelis, HERBST, Versucb Naturgesch. Krabben u. Krebse, II. 42, 1796. (After Pallas.)

Astiiciis leptorrhiims, FISCHER, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, IX. 467, Tab. V. fig. 1, Ivifi.

AxliH-iis Dauricus, ERICHSON, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 94, 18411.

Astacus Da/i/ericiis, GERSTFELDT, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersbourg, VIII. 292, 1 s.V.i.

Astacus Dauricus, KESSLEU, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 361, 1874.

A.ititcim (Ci/mbaroidcs) Dauricus, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 151, 1884.

Habitat. Upper portion of the Amoor River basin as far down as Alba-
sin, including the rivers Ingoda, Argoon, Onon, Shilka, and Nercha, It is
not found in the Gasimoor, a tributary of the Argoon (Gerstfeldt, Kessler).

3. Astacus ^Cambaroides) Schrenckii.

Plate VI. fig. 3.

Astacus Schrenckii, KESSLER, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 363, 1874.
Astacus (Cambaroicles) Schrenckii, FAXON, Proc. Amor. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 151, 1884.

Habitat. Lower part of the basin of the Amoor River (Kessler).

In the form of the rostrum and in the possession of a lateral thoracic
spine, A. Sehrcucl;ii bears less resemblance to A. Dauricus, from the upper
part of the same river basin, than A. Juponiciis does. On the other hand.
the chelte and abdominal pleura of A. ScJircm-Jii! are very much like those
of A. Dauricus, while in A. Juponiciis the chelaj are much shorter and broader,
the abdominal pleura broader and more rounded, than in the Amoorland
species.

* The epipodite of the first maxilliped bears no branchial filaments.

130 A EEVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

In the remaining species of Astacus the first abdominal appendages are
simply rolled, never bifid nor toothed at the end, neither are there hooks on
any of the thoracic legs in the male.

THE NORTH AMERICAN ASTACI.

Six species of Astacus have been described from Western North America,
viz. : A. Ot'cgunus Randall, 1839 ; the type of this species was lost, and
the figure and description are insufficient for its determination ; it is perhaps
the same as A., leniusculus Dana. A. Gatubetii Agassiz, first described as a
Cambarus in 1852 by Girard; the types of Girard are in the Philadelphia
Academy. A. leniusculus Dana, 1852 ; type in the collection of the Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington, D. C. A. nigrescens, A. Troicbridf/ii, and
A. Klamatheims, described by Stimpson in 1857 ; there are types of A. Trow-
lriiJ</ii in the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
and the Peabody Museum of Yale College ; Dr. Hagen examined types of
A. nigrescens and A. Klamathensis communicated by Stimpson.

Distribution. The nearly related species A. leniusculus and A. Ti-owlridgii
are found in the lower part of the Columbia River, Puget Sound, and adja-
cent regions. To the southward near the coast, in the neighborhood of San
Francisco, A. niyrescens appears to be the dominant species. It perhaps ex-
tends northward near the coast as far as Alaska.. In the more elevated
regions of the Northwest, in Oregon, Washington Territory, and British
Columbia, A. Klamatliemh is found. The most eastern of the American
Astaci is A. GamMii, which is found in the Great Salt Lake Valley and in
the upper waters of the Snake River, Idaho. From this region it has passed
over the divide into the Yellowstone Valley, and invaded the domain of the
Cambari as far as the confluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers.
An examination of the physical geography of this region shows that the
migration of a Western species into the Mississippi basin at this point is no
difficult matter, the divide separating the waters of the Yellowstone from
those of the Snake River being very low, hardly above the level of the
ancient Yellowstone Lake.*

Compared with the European species, the American Astaci have the

* See W. II. llolmes's Report on tlie Geology of the Yellowstone National Park, in Twelfth Ann. Rep.
U. S. Geolog. and Geograpli. Survey of the Territories for 1878, Part II. p. 56, 1883.

ASTAd's. I:; I

U-lson less dearly divided by a transverse- suture, and (lie lir>t pair nl male
appendages are more closely rolled, with a more pointed and membra-
naceous tip.

I have examined the branc-hia; of J. A7v;//^///(//.\/.v, A. itii/rrw/ix, and
A. Gambdu. In all of them the formula is the same as for A. y//"w////.v,
there being three rudimentary gills on each side of the thorax. In A. ///-
f/ri'xi'cns the two anterior ones are short, but thick. They are more highly
developed in A. Giuubclli than in any other species of Astacus examined,
presenting an interesting approach in structure to the perfectly developed
gill. Each of the rudimentary gills is much larger than in any other species,
and is jointed at a short distance from the base. At the joint there are, in
the intermediate pair, two short lateral branches, one on each side ; in the
anterior and posterior pairs the main stem bears one lateral filament.

I find no trace of appendages on the first abdominal somite of the
female in any of the American species of Astacus.

The five American species of Astacus may be distinguished as follows :

A. Margins of the rostrum not denticulated.

a. Rostrum short, with short acumen. Post-orbital ridge without posterior spine. ./.

b. Rostrum long, with long acumen. Post-orbital ridge with a posterior spine or tubercle.

a. Posterior spiue of post-orbital ridge loug and acute. Arcola cue half as broad as

/3. Posterior spine of post-orbital ridge small, sometimes reduced to a tubercle. Arc-
ola one third as broad as loug ............ -/

B. Margins of the rostrum denticulated.

a. Rostral aeumeu loug. Posterior spiue of post-orbital ridge prominent. Chela not

barbated .... ............ A -

b. Rostral acumen short. No posterior spine on post-orbital ridge. Chela barbated .

1. Astacus Klamathensis.

Plate VI. flg. 1, 3.

Astacus Klamathensis, STIMPSON, Proc. Bost. Sue. Nat. Hist., VI. 87, February, 1S57- Journ. Bost. Soc.

Nat. Hist., VI. 494, April, 1857.
Astacus Klu.mthe.isis, SPENCE BATE, in Lord's "Naturalist, in Vancouver Island and British Columbia," II.

278,1866. (No description.)

Axtaeu* Kl :l ,,i,<tl,,,*h, HA.GEN, III. Cat. Mns. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 93, PL III. fig. 169, 1870.
s Kluiiiatlii'ii.ti*, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Aead. Arts and Sci., XX. 1 Jl, 1884.

Known LocuJlllcs. Oregon : Klamath Lake (Stimpson) ; Sikan Creek;
Des Chutes River. Washington Terr. : Fort Walla Walla ; Wenas Valley ;
Spokane Falls. British Columbia: streams east of the Cascades (Bate).

Stimpson's types were found in Klamath Lake by Dr. Newberry. One
of these, a female, was described by Hagen. It is common at Fort Walla

132 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

Walla, judging from the number collected at that place by Captain Charles
Bendire, U. S. A. These specimens are in the U. S. National Museum.

Specimens from Sikan Creek, Oregon, differ in some respects from those
received from Washington Territory, the sides of the rostrum converging
more (as described by Stimpson and Hagen in the Klamath Lake specimens)
and ending in a longer acumen. In the specimens from Fort Walla Walla
the rostrum is quadrangular, with shorter acumen. In the Oregon specimens
the cervical groove is more broadly sulcate, the posterior portion of the
cephalothorax broader, the carapace impressed on each side of the median
line of the cardiac region and less densely punctate ; the abdomen of the
female is more expanded anteriorly, the internal margin of the antennal scale
tapers off more gradually from the middle to the tip, and the hand is longer.

In small specimens of A. Klunudhcims there is a sharp spine at the
antero-interior angle of the carpus; the rostral acumen is longer, and the
post-orbital spines longer and sharper than in the adult.

In some adult specimens a faint trace of a posterior post orbital spine is
to be seen on close examination as a minute brown-horny granule, similar
in appearance to the tip of the front end of the post-orbital ridge. This
granule occupies exactly the place of the hinder post-orbital spine of A. Trow-
bridyii, etc.

Length, 95 mm.

2. Astacus leniusculus.

Plate VI. fig. 4.

Astacm leniusculus, DANA, Crustacea U. S. Explor. Exped., Pt. I. p. 524, PI. XXXIII. fig. 1, 1852.
Antaeus leniusculus, STIMPSON, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 493, 1857.

A.ilacus leniusculus, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 94. (After L)ana and Stimpson.)
Astacus leniusculus, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 151, 1884.

Known Localities. Washington Territory : Columbia River ; Puget Sound
(Dana, Stimpson).

One of Dana's types is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
(U. S. Explor. Exped., No. 375, Smithson. Inst., No. 2019). The rostrum of
this specimen, a male, is mutilated and deformed. Two more male speci-
mens are in the same Museum (Cat. No. 2161) without any label indicating
their origin.*

The hands are of unequal size, the left being the larger. Dana says that

* One of tliese is now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Cat. No. 3055). This is the one figured
on Plate VI. of this work. -

A.STACUS. I:;:;

in young specimens the posterior spines of (he carapace are obsolescent :unl
the hands of nearly equal si/.c. .hulking from liis figure, I /,. the postcarapace
is also longer. Perhaps these young specimens were .1. Trn'ln -lili/ii Slimpsoii.

A. kimisntlus is closely related to A. 7 /</,"'//',/,///. For the distinctions, sec
under the latter species.

The posterior margin of the anterior segment of the tclson is lii- or tri-
spinous on each side. The cone at the orilice of the green gland (" auditory
tubercle") terminates in a sharp spinule ; in A. Tr<>n<l>ri<li/ii it is blunt. Tin-
spines on the second and third segments of the antenna; are prominently
developed and acnte. The anterior process of the epistoma is triangular,
similar in form to that of A. Trowbridgii. The fingers are spinulose at the
distal ends, as in A. Trowlridyii.

Astacus Oreganus.

Asians Oreganus, RANDALL, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII. 138, PI. VII., 1830.

Astacus Oreganus, DE KAY, Zoology of New York, Pt. VI., Crustacea, p. 23, 1S44. (After Randall.)

.lx/iii-its Oregaitus, EiucHSON, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 375, 1816. (After Randall.)

Cauiharns Oregaiuts, GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 87, 1S52. (After Randall. Xo description.)

Asfdi-us Oregaaus, STIMPSON, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 495, 1857. (After Randall.)

Astacus Oreyamts, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 95, 1S70. (After Randall.)

" Testa granulata, bimaculata, fronte valde producta.

" Body fuscous, granulated, carpus with a sharp spine at the inner angle ; arm pro-
duced into a spine on each side anteriorly; thorax behind the front with five spines,
placed three before and one on each side behind the lateral ones : a large reddish spot
on each side posteriorly; front little reflexecl on the sides, terminating in a very long
slender spine, and having a short marginal spine on each side.

"Length about four inches.

"Taken by Mr. Nuttall in the Columbia River, west coast of North America." -

Randall.

The type of A Orcgnnus was lost or destroyed while in the hands of the artist by
whom the drawing was made,* and no specimen answering to the description and figure
has since been found. The figure given by Randall is very faulty, as has lu-eii point-l
out by Hagen. The tri-articulate structures interpreted by Hagen as badly drawn anten-
na! scales are, I think, the three distal segments of the third maxillipcds, the anti-mml
scale not being represented at all. Dr. Hagen thinks that the median spine at, the base
of the rostrum may be a carinated elevation simply, such as is seen in A. nigrescens (he
illicit have added also A. Trowbridgii and A. leniv mlus). The drawing mijjl
thus explained, but it is hard to make Randall's explicit mention of fit
with such an interpretation. I incline, nevertheless, to Dr. Hagen's opinion, that
specimen was no other than A. /< niuseulus I >ana. The short post-carapace and long
tral acumen agree better with that species than with A. Troi>:l,rul,ju.

* See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1'liila , V. 30.

134 A EEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

3. Astacus Trowbridgiio

Astacus Trowbridgii, STIMPSOJJ, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 87, February, 1S57. Joura. Bost. Soc.

Nat. Hist,, VI. 493, April, 1857.

Astacus Trowbridgii, J. G. COOPER, Rep. U. S. Pacific R. R. Expl., XII. Pt. II. 388, 1860.
Astacus Trowbridgii, HA.GEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool, No. III. p. 93, PI. III. fig. 171, PI. X., 1870.
Astacus Trowbridgii, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 152, 1884.

Known Localities. Oregon: Columbia River, near Astoria. Washington
Territory : streams running into Shoalwater Bay (J. G. Cooper).

There are types of A. Trowbridgii in the collections of the U. S. National
Museum, the Peabody Museum of Yale College, the Boston Society of Natu-
ral History, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. There are also two
specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. One of the
two female types in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory is figured by Hagen. The spine on the third segment of the antenna
is commonly longer than represented by Hagen.

In the larger specimens the posterior pair of spines on the carapace
may be obsolete, while in other specimens these spines, although smaller
than the anterior pair, are well developed, with acute, brown, horny tips.

The dimensions of a large specimen as given by Stimpson are as fol-
lows : Length of body, 4.80 in. ; breadth, 1.30 in. Length of rostrum,
0.50 in. ; acumen of rostrum, 0.18 in. ; hand, 2.GO in.; breadth of hand, 1.15 in.

The areola is two and one half times as long as it is broad. The dis-
tance from the tip of the rostrum to the cervical groove is but a trifle more
than twice the distance from the cervical groove to the posterior margin of
the carapace. The length of the acumen of the rostrum is equal to the dis-
tance between the lateral spines of the rostrum. The tips of the first pair of
abdominal appendages of the male are delicately membranous.

Of the eleven specimens (six males, five females) which I have seen,
nine are types collected by Lieut. Trowbridge in the Columbia River above
Astoria, Oregon. Of the other two, in the Philadelphia Acadenry, one is
labelled Columbia River, the other is without locality. According to Cooper,
it is also found in the streams running into Shoalwater Bay, Washington Ter-
ritory, to the north of Columbia River, and even in the brackish water of
the bay. According to the same authority, its color, when fresh, is olive
above ; pale, tinted with red, below.

A. Trowbridgu is closely related to A. Icniitsculiis. It differs from it in the
following particulars : the body is more obese ; the cephalothorax is broader

AST.MTS. I.;:,

posteriorly, va. A. leniiisculus more cylindrical; the carapace is lc<s punctate
and less ciliate ; the rostrum is shorter ;md broader, with shorter acumen,
the distance between the lateral spines o!' the rostrum being equal to the
length of the acumen, whereas in A. /< nii^cnlnK the length of the acumen
much exceeds the distance between the lateral spines ; the length of the
part of the carapace posterior to the cervical suture is greater, being very
nearly equal to half the distance from the cervical groove to the tip of the
rostrum, while in A. Iciiiuxi-ti'iix the latter distance is twice and one hall' the
distance from the cervical groove to the posterior margin of the carapace ;
the areola is longer and narrower, considerably more than twice as long as
broad, while in A. leniiisciihts it is much less than twice as long as broad;
the spines on the carapace behind the eyes are less developed, especially the
posterior ones, and the chela is broader.

4. Astacus nigrescens.

Astacus nigrescens, STIMPSON, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 87, February, 1857. Journ. Bost, Soc. Nat.

Hist., VI. 492, April, is:,?.

Axfiii-ns nigrescens, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 92, PI. 111. Ii-- KW, 1870.
AstacHx nigreicens, HUXLEY, The Crayfish, p. 2W, fig. 01, 0, F, I, fig. 62, C, F, 1880.
Astacus nigrescens, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 152, 1S84.

Known Localities. California: San Francisco. Washington Territory : Fort
Steilacoom (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Alaska Territory : Oonalaska (Coll. U. S.
Nat. Mus.).

In most specimens the post-orbital ridges are reduced to an anterior and
posterior spine, but in some there is a third spine between these two. The
ridge that represents the annul us ventralis of the female Cambarus is broadly
notched in the middle.

A female specimen in the U. S. National Museum, from Fort Steilacoom,
Washington Territory (No. 2526), differs as follows from the typical form :
the sides of the rostrum are less inflated and more convergent, the acumen
shorter; the margin of the telson has only one spine on each side; the hand
is shorter, smoother, more coarsely punctate, the spines of the meros les:
developed ; the branchial regions of the carapace and the abdominal pleura
are more coarsely punctate.

A male specimen in the same Museum is labelled "Oonalaska, W. H.
Ball." The rostrum of this specimen (No. 8954) is aborted and deformed,
the chela longer than usual. The locality, if correct, is an interesting one.

136 A EE VISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

Another large male specimen, five inches long, in the II. S. National
Museum, from T. G. Scupham, California (No. 2267), is labelled "Asfacus
Orcr/onensis Nntt.," and by this name it is recorded by W. II. Ball in his
" Catalogue of Illustrations of the Economical Invertebrates of the Ameri-
can Coasts," Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus , No. 14, p. 260, 1879. Randall's A. Ore-
gamts was collected by Nuttall in the Columbia, but was certainly not
A. mgrcscens. (See p. 133.)

Types of A. nigresccm were sent to Dr. Hagen by Stimpson. These were
probably afterwards destroyed in the great fire at Chicago.

It is said by Stimpson to be common in the vicinity of San Francisco, and
to be sold in the market of that city.

" Color, blackish." Stimpson.

The first abdominal appendages of the male A. nigrescens are incorrectly
figured by Huxley in " The Crayfish," p. 245, fig. 62, C, and by Brocchi in
Ann. Sci. Nat, 6 e Ser., Zool. et Paleont, Tom. II., PI. XIII. figs. 10, 11.

5. Astacus Gambelii.

Cam.la.rus Gambelii, GIRAKD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 90, 1852, 380, 1853.

Astacus Gambelii, AGASSIZ, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI. 375, 1S53.

Axtacux Cambria, STIMPSON, Jouru. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI. 492,1857.

Astacus Gambelii, HAGEN, 111. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. III. p. 90, PI. I. figs. 97, 98, PI. III. fig. 170,

PI. XI. 1870.
Astacus Gambelii, FAXON, Proc. Amcr. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 152, 1884.

Known Localities. Utah: Ogden River, Ogden. Idaho: Fort Hall (Coll.
U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; west side of Teton Basin (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Montana :
mouth of Yellowstone River. Wyoming: Willow Creek (?). California: Santa
Barbara (?).

Girard's types are in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia. One of them has been figured by Hagen.

The female, as well as the male, has the peculiar beard on the chela.
The lower side of the peduncles of the antennae is also barbate in both sexes.
In some specimens the telson is notched in the middle of the hind border,
in other specimens it is entire.

Two dozen fine specimens of this species were collected by Mr. J. A.
Allen at Ogden, Utah, in September. 1871. The largest of these measure
95 mm. in length. Ogdeu City is on Ogden River, which flows into Great
Salt Lake. In the U. S. National Museum are specimens from a warm spring
at Fort Hall, and from the west side of Teton Basin. Both of these locali-

AST A ('US. 137

ties are in Idaho, in the upper part of the area drained by the Lewis Fork
of the Columbia River. There are also four small specimens collected by
the Hayden Survey at the mouth of the Yellowstone River, which joins the
Missouri River at the western boundary of Dakota. Besides these there
are two young specimens in the same collection, .labelled "Willow Creek.
Oct. 9, 1872, Dr. Curtis." An added ticket reads "Wyoming Terr.?" Wil-
low Creek in Wyoming Territory flows into the South Fork of the Plafte
River,, another affluent of the Missouri. The correctness of the tickets accom-
panying the Yellowstone River specimens is at any rate unquestioned, and
it thus appears that this species has encroached upon the territory of Cam-
barns in the area drained by tributaries of the Missouri River. The To ton
Basin specimens, it will be observed, come from a locality not far from the
water-shed dividing the waters which flow into the Pacific Ocean from those
which find their outlet in the Gulf of Mexico.*

Girard's types, collected by Dr. Gainbel, are said to have come from Cali-
fornia; but whether they were taken within the present limits of that State
I do not know. The only other specimens of A. Ganibelii seen by me which
could possibly have come from California are a few in the U. S. National
Museum (No. 4855), labelled, "Found in bottle containing specimens from
Santa Barbara, Dr. Webb." I doubt whether these were collected at Santa
Barbara. I have seen no authentic specimens from California.

THE EUROPEAN ASTACI.

In addition to the long and well known Astacus fluvial His Auct., several
European forms have been described and named as distinct species from
time to time, so that there now stand on record eleven nominal species from
within the limits of Europe, viz.: Astacus fluriatilis Rondelet (1555), CH-
ccr ton-cntium Schrank (1803), A. leptodactylus Eschscholtz (1823), A. x,u;iliHn
Kocli (1835 ?), A. tristis Koch (1835), A. ftiiynlosus Rathke (1836), A. jn>-/i't/i.
Rathke (1836), A. Caspius Eichwald (1838), A. longicornis Lereboullet (1858),
A.pallipcs Lereboullet (1858), and A.fvntiim1is Carbonnier (1869). To these
was added a twelfth closely allied species, A. Colchicus Kessler (187G), from
the Rion River, south of Mount Caucasus.

In 1846 all the Astacidce described down to that date underwent a re-

* See page 130.
18

138 A KEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

vision by Erichson.* Of the described European species, A. angulosm Rathke,
A. pachypus Rathke, and A. Caspius Eichwald, were known to Erichson only
through the previous descriptions. He suggests that A. Caspius may prove
to be the same as A. pachypus, a surmise that was afterwards shown by Gerst-
feldt to be just. Erichson had the opportunity to examine Koch's types
of A. torreidium, saxutilis, and trisiis, and notes their clear specific separation
from A. fluviatilis, and their close affinity with each other. He shows that
the dark color of A. tristis is due to a coating of adhesive mould, and dis-
misses the question of the specific value of the differences with the remark
that the distinctions may have been more evident in living specimens.

In 1859 the European Astaci were subjected to a second revision at the
hands of Gerstfeldt.f The material at Gerstfeldt's command was rich in speci-
mens from Russia, but poor in examples from Central and Western Europe.
Gerstfeldt reaches the conclusion, that all the described European species of
Astacus may be reduced to two valid species, A. fnviatilis and A. torrentiuni
(Steinkrebs). He justly points out the identity of A. pachypus Rathke and
A. Caspius Eichwald, and further claims that A. leptodaetylus Eschscholtz,
A. angulosus Rathke, and A. pachypvs Rathke, are but varieties of A. fuii/i-
tilis, resulting from conditions of climate and of the water inhabited by
the several forms. Of the so-called Steinkrebse of the central and western
parts of Europe, Gerstfeldt appears to have had but five specimens, all from
the Rhone. These he regards the same with Cancer torrentium Schrank,
A. saxatilis Koch, A. iristis Koch, and A. longicarnis Lereboullet. In reality
Gerstfeldt's Steinkrebse belonged to the species described and figured the
previous year (in a memoir unknown to Gerstfeldt) by Lereboullet,t under
the name A. pallipcs (Dohlenkrebs), a distinct form from Cancer torrcntinni
Schrank (= A. saxatilis, tristis, and torrcniinm of Koch, A. longicornis of Lere-
boullet).

In 1869 Heller described five species from Southern Europe; viz. A. flu-
vial His Rondelet, A. lepioilactylus Eschscholtz, A. angulosus Rathke, A. pachypus
Rathke, and "A. saxatilis Koch." As synonymes of A. saxatilis, Heller in-
cludes A. sa.mfilis Koch, A. trisiis Koch, A. toirculimii Schrank et Koch, and
A. fluriatids Bell. Heller's A. saxatilis is the species described by Lereboullet

* Ucbersicht der Arten der Guttling Astacus. Arch. Naturgescli., XII. Jahrg., pp. 8(1-103, ISifi.

f Ucbcr die Flusskrebsc Enropa's. Mem. Acrid. Impur. Sci. St. Petersbourg, IX. 5-19-589, 1859.

| Description de deux nouvelles Especcs d'^crevisses do uos Rivieres. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Stras-
bourg, Tom. V., 1858, 11 pp. 3 pi.

Die Crustaceeu des siidlicben Europa. Crustacea Podoplithalmia, pp. 212-218, Taf. VII. figs. 3-6,
1803.

A.STACUS. L39

as A. pullipcs (=A.j;tir,';;/{* Hell), and not A. M.W////.V Kndi ( A. lm nlnnn
Schrank).

A careful treatise by Kessler* on the Astact found within the- territory
of the Russian Empire appeared in 1874. With regard to the European
forms, Kessler, in opposition to Gerstfeldt, decides that ,1. jlnmilH'^ Atict.,
A. pachypus Eathke (= A. Caspius Eichwald), and A. /V///w/^-////^ Ksdisdioltz,
are -good species, while he considers A. tiiignlosus to be a local variety of
A. Icptodaciijlus which has arisen in the stony mountain .streams of the Crimea
and Caucasus. Kessler has had unrivalled facilities for forming a correct
judgment concerning the specific value of the different forms of Russian
crayfishes, hundreds of specimens of both sexes and of different stages of
development having passed through his hands. His direct testimony as to
the absence of intermediate forms between the three species indicated above
appears to me conclusive, and a, careful study of all the material accessible
leads me to coincide entirely with his views.

The Astaci of Middle and Southern Europe were revised in ]SMi l>v
Klunzinger,f who confirms Lereboullet in his conclusion that there are two
species besides A. fluiitdilis in that part of Europe which lies to the west of
Russia. To Lereboullet's A. kngwornis he restores the older name of Sdirank,
A. torrenlium (= A. saxatilis, fristis, and torrcit/lnw of Koch). The distinctions
between this species and A. pallipes, or the Dohlenkrebs of Lereboullet, arc
given in detail, and the identity of the latter with A. xu.nt/ili* of Heller, the
Steinkrebs from the Rhone of Gerstfeldt, and probably with A.fonl!nalis of
Carbonnier, is pointed out.

The twelve nominal species enumerated above are thus reduced to six :
A. fluviatilis Rond., A. torrent htm (Schrank), A. leptoihtetyhts Eschsch. (with var.
itiigitlosits), A. puchypus Rathke, A. pallipes Lereb., and A. Cokhicus Kes-1.

In Astacus fluviatilis there are three rudimentary pleurobranchiae on each
side of the body, upon the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth body-segments, t
while in A. pallipes there are but tw-o, the anterior one being aborted. In
the place of the anterior one a small papilla can be discerned, evidently tin-
last vestige of the lost branchia. I have further examined the branchiiv of

* Die Russiseheu Flusskrebse. Vorlaufige Mittlicilung. Bull. Soc. Iiuper. Nat. Moscou, XI, VIII.

31:5-372, 1874.

t Ueber die Astacus-Artcii in Mittcl- und Siulcurop.i uml il'ii Lcrchniilln'^-lirii Dohlenkrebs insbc-
sondero. Jahreshcfte d. Vereius f. vatcrliiudische Naturkuiidc in Wurttemberg, XXXVIII. Jalirg., i';>. 326-
342, 1882.

J Counting the antennulary somite as the lirst.

The difference in the number of rudimentary pleurobvanchiic in A.jluciatilis and A. pallipes was first
noticed by Huxley, The Crayfish, p. 295, 1S80.

140 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

A. torrentium, A. leptodadylus, and A. Colchicus. The first of these possesses
two rudimentary pie urobranchiae on each side of the body, like A. pallipes ;
of the anterior pleurobranchia I find not the slightest trace. In A. leptodac-
iylus and A. Colchicus three are present, although in the former the second
and third are very short.

In so far as the reduction of the branchiae can be taken as a clew to the
affinities of the various species of European Astaci, A. pallipes and A. torren-
tium are the furthest removed from the primitive form. This accords with
Huxley's suggestion, that the Ponto-Caspian species are the modern repre-
sentatives of the original Eastern stock, while the " Stone Crayfishes " *
represent an ancient offshoot, or western wave of migration, which was
followed by an invasion of A. fluviatilis, just as at the present day, according
to Kessler, the latter species is in its turn succumbing to A. Icptodadylm in
the Baltic area.f Following up this line of thought, we must conclude that,
of the two species A. torrentium and A. pallipes, the former represents the
older offshoot from the original stock, an offshoot which has retreated before
the invading A. pallipes to the mountain regions of Central Europe. For not
only in the condition of its branchiae, but also in its general form, A. pallipes
stands between A. torrentium and A. fluviatilis, \

In the European Astaci the first abdominal segment of the female carries
a pair of small, simple appendages. They are smaller than in the genus
Cambarus, but not aborted, as in the American Astaci, in Cambaroides, and
in the Parastacinae of the Southern hemisphere.

In A. torrentium and A. pallipes the first abdominal appendages of the
male are divided into two lobes at the tip by a shallow cleft, the inner and
the outer parts being of about equal length. In the other species the outer
part is truncate, while the inner part projects beyond it. In A. pachtjpus and
A. Colchicus the projecting tip of the inner part is longer than in A. fuviatilis
and A. leptodadtjlus.

The European Astaci, including A. Colchicus from the Rion River, Trans-
caucasia, may be distinguished by the following table :

* I. c. A pallipes and A. torrentium, which Huxley confounds together as oue species.

f Vide Huxley, op. fit., p. 321.

J Klunzinger (op. cit., p. 331) goes so far as to assert that A. pallipex is more closely related to A.JIi/-
vialilis thau to A. torrentium, but it does not seem so to me. A.Jttu-uitilis, A. li'/i/oilin'ti/lits (including the
form A. anytdosus), A. pacliypus, and A. Colchicus form a natural group of closely related species opposed
to the group containing the two Western species, A. pallipes and A. torrentium.

Huxley affirms, however, that these appendages are sometimes wanting in English crayfishes (A. pal-
lipes). The Crayfish, p. li-6.

ASTACTS. 141

A. One tubercle on each side of lln- base of rostrum.

a. Tip of roslniiu nui exceeding || lr distal eud of the penultimate segmenl of anlennidc.

Kostriim not eimnale at the lip. No spines mi the sides .if the carapace behind the

cervical groove l.tomHlitm.

l>. Tip of roslrum almost attaining lliedislal end of tin- terminal Segment of tile aiilcmiiilc.
A keel or median crest near (lie tip oft lie rnslnim. One or more spines on tin

sides of the carapace behiud the cervical groove /.//////>*

B. Two tnliereles, one behind the other, on each side of the base of the rOHl rum.

11. Margin of rostrum not uYnlicnlalc.

a. Margin of rostrum granulated, not continued hack of the anterior post oiliilal

tubercle. Posterior post-orbital tubercle slightly developed I. /lnn,i/ilix.

/3. Margin of rostrum smooth, continued back on the, carapace as a distinct ridge as
far as the posterior post-orhila.1 tubercle. Posterior post.orliilal tubercle well
developed, provided with a spine A. Ciilcliii-itx.

b. Margin of rostrum denticulate.

a. Click Hat. Kustrnni longer than peduncle of aiit.ennnle. l!asal angle of c\lerii;il

border of antenna! scale spiuous /.//,/,/,/,/,/<//.

/3. Chela thick. Kostrum equal in length to peduncle of aiitennnle. l',as;d angle

of external border of aulcimal scale not spiuous A. paclii/put.

6. Astacus torrentium.

Cancer torreafiiiiii (Slcinkrebs), SCHRANK, Fauna Boica, III. 21-7, 1803.

Astaciis torrt'iiliitiii I Sk-iukrebs), WOLF, Mag. neuesten Zustand Naturknnde, heraiisgegeb. v. Johaini Ilein-

ricli Voigt, XI. 42-15, Taf. I. figs. 1, 2, 1806.
Astaeus saxntilis, Kocu, Deutschlands Crustaceeu, Myriapodeu und Aracliniden, I left 7, No. 1, with fig.

(Panzer and llerrich-Schhffer's Deutschlands Insceten, Heft 140, No. 1), 1S35?
Astacns Mali*, Konr, op. cit., Heft 7 (Un), No. 2, with fig., 1835 ?
Astacus torrentium, KOCH, op. cit., Heft 3(3 (186), No. 24, with tig., 1841.
Astaciis torrentium, ERICHSON, Arch. Natnrgcscli., XII. Jahrg., I. ( J2, 1846.
Astacus saxatilis, ERICHSON, op. cit., p. W, IS Hi.
Axtactts fristis, ERICHSON, op. ci/., p. 93, 1810.

Steinkrebs, LEREBOULLET, Coinpt.es Ucudus Acad. !?ei. Paris, XXXIII. 37!), 1851.
Aslacun loiirjieoruis, LEKEBOULLET, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Strasbourg, V. 2 (separate pagination), PI. I. HL'S.

2-2 , 1858.
Astacns torrentium (Steinkrebs) (in part), GERSTFELDT, Mem. Acad. Impcr. Sci. St. Petcrsbourg, IX. 574,

579, 581, 584, 1859. (After Koch, Erichson, and Lereboullet.)
Astacus torrentium (Steinkrebs), KLUNZINGER, Jahresh. Vereins vatcrlandl. Naturkuiidc Wurttemberg,

XXXVIII. Jahrg., p. 340, 1882.
Asturus toi-rentiiim, FAXON, Proc. Auicr. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 153, 1SS1-.

Koch's A. w.>v////.v. J. //v'-v//s, and A. torrentium are without doubt one and
the same species, equivalent to A. tomnthun (Schrank) Wolf. According to
Koch, A. saxatilis is distinguished by a slightly carinated rostrum, whereas
in A. tristis and A. toirentium the rostrum is not carinated ; but Erichson, who
examined Koch's types, tells us that there is an indication of a median ros-
tral carina in A. tristis and .1. tonmiiinii also. The carina is certainly shown
in an exaggerated form in all of Koch's figures. The dark color of .1. //vV/.v
came from a coating of mould, according to Erichson, and the broad abdo-
men is simply a sexual character.

142 A EEVISION OF THE ASTACUXE.

The best illustrations of this species are Lereboullet's (under the name
Astuctis loiifficornis*).

Klunzinger's memoir clearly brings out the specific characters of this
species and A. paliipes.

Although a faint median rostral carina may exist in A. torrentium, it never
rises into a prominent sharp crest near the tip, as in A. paliipes. Commonly
there is no spine on the lower side of the first antennulary segment, but in a
specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, without locality, I find it
quite well developed, as it always is in A. paliipes.

I have examined the gills of this species in a specimen from Bohemia in
the U. S. National Museum, and find them to agree in number and disposi-
tion with those of A. paliipes. See page 140.

J}iafri/Jiif/nii. Astucus torrcnlhun is found in the central part of Europe,
especially in Germany ; but as it has been confounded generally by authors
with A. paliipes and A. fluvialills, the data are insufficient to determine the
limits of its distribution. It is not found to the eastward withm the territory
of Russia (Kessler). I have seen a specimen (in U. S. National Museum)
from Bohemia. It is widely spread through Bavaria and Wurtemberg in the
mountain lakes, and in the brooks and rivers of the Danube and Neckar
river systems. Particular localities recorded in Bavaria are Wiirm-See
(Schrank, op. cit., p. 247 ; Wolf, op. cif., p. 42 ; A. flnriatiUs also inhabits the
same Like) ; mountainous parts of Oberpfalz ; near Bodensteiu ; also in the
Danube (Koch) and Kochel-See (Klunzinger). In Wurtemberg it has been
found in the Neckar, the Nagold, and various small streams of the Neckar
and Danube basins (Klunzinger). It is also found in Alsace in the rivers 111
and Bruche, near Strasburg (Lereboullet). How far to the northward it ex-
tends in Germany, and whether it passes to the west into France, I cannot
determine. All the French specimens which I have seen are A. paliipes and
A.fliiviatili*. On the whole, it would seem that A. torrent t'um is a form chiefly
found in the mountainous and upland regions of Central Europe.

7. Astacus paliipes.

2 AS/HCIIS (isfacim, PENNANT, British Zoology, IV. IS, PI. XV. %. 27, 1777-

? Asta<'/is jlnriii/ilis, LEACH, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Vol. XI. Pt. II. p. :>ll, 1M5. (No description.)

Axhi,-H-<jl/ii-iii/ili.i (in part), MILNE EDWARDS, Hist. Nat. Crust., II. 330, 1837. (First "variety" noted on

p. 331.) Cuvier's Hi'giic Animal, Disciples' ed., Cnistaccs, PI. XLIX. fig. 2.
Duhlenkrelis, LKKEBODLLET, Comptes Rcudus Acad. Sci. Paris, XXXIII. 376, 1S51. (Treated as a variety

of A.ftiviafilis.)
Astacus jluviatilis, BELL, Hist. British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, p. 237, with cut, 1853.

ASTAITS. 143

Aatacus pitllip *, LKRKKOri.l.KT, Man. S,.c. Sri. Nat. Slraslimu-, V. 7 (vp:,i'air pri-mati'in), I'l. II., Ill

figs. :>-:i'i, is.-,s.

M/<i,-its pulli/,,:*, viu-. .//,/<,-., l,i:i;i:i!nri.i.KT. Mnu. Soo. Bei \:ii Sira-lioni-.:, V '.I, K",s.
Ax/ili'H* l,,,;;;,/ii<,,, (_S| rin kivl I (ML part I, III KMI I l.nr, VI, 'in. \r ,,l I mprr. Sri Si I

1859.

.Win-it* x,i.i;/f/'i*, (lltritK, Kin \u-l!n<_' n;irh Trirst mid ilcin Qnarnrro, |i ?:i, 1M1].

A.if,/,-//.i sHj-n/ilh, llKi.i.ni, DM: Crustacean drs Mhllich.-n Europa, i>. 217, Tai'. \ II. figs. 3, 5, 1803.

Axtdi-nsfriitiniiHs (IVnvvissi- :i pii-ils blaiir-), < '.MtiioxxiKK, I,' l : >rr\ i^sr, | P . s, Isii'.l.
Potamobius astacus, (i. IV So\\ i:iiitv, ('uiitiiiUMlioii of Jjeacli's M;ilan>slr:u-:i l'.n|.i|,lil li^ilin.-i

XVIII., XIX., Tab. XXXIV. li-. 1, L875.

j*/,t<-i<sjlttri,t/ilis, HUXLEY,* Tliu Cnivlish, l ,,,.^i,,i. ami ].. .>:',( I in parlicnlar, Fnni(ix]jicec ami figs. 1-C,0
1380.

ii-ivH/inni, HrxLEY,* up. ,-if., ]i. x".iG, fig. 61, A, n, (., lii;. i\->, \, n, 1880.

jii/f/i/i -x (cli-r Dohlciikrclis), KI.UXZI.XGEK, Jalnrsh. V<'irins vatcrliiiul. Naturkiimlr \\'nrttri, l
XXXVIII. Jahr-., p. :m, 18S2.
i jiit/lipM, i'.vxoN, Proc. Amcr. Acail. Arls ami Sci.. XX. 154, 1884.

Under the name "' Steinkrebs " the older authors appear to have con-
founded A. torrcntium and A. jil/ij>cs. Tliey were first scptirak-d as distinct
species in 1858 by Lereboullet with the names .4. loiii/irnrn/x and .1. /MtHl/ir*.
Gerstfeldt (1859) seems to have had very little material from without tin-
bounds of the Russian Empire. Of the "Steinkrebs" he had seen only li vi-
m-preserved dried examples from the Rhone, which, as appears from his
description of them (p. 577), belong to A. i(llqn *. He considers them to be
the same species as that described by Schrank and Koch, i. e. A. torrntliinn.
Compared with A. torrcittiiiiii, A. pallij>e>s has a narrower rostrum with a
longer and narrower acumen; the median keel is more evident, especially
near the tip of the rostrum; the antenna? are shorter, and the peduncle ot
the antennae overreaches the tip of the rostrum by only a small fraction
of the length of the terminal segment, while in A. torrcnliinii it surpasses the
rostrum by the whole length of the terminal segment; the longitudinal ridiie
on the lower face of the antennal scale is not toothed, as in A. torrentium :
behind the cervical suture are several lateral spines; the cheke are innn-
coarsely and sparsely tuberculate. For a detailed comparison of these t\vo
species, see Klunzinger, oj). cit.

A. pallipes and A. tormi//i/i>i have a rudimentary pleurobranchia on t.-;n-!i
side of the penultimate and antepenultimate somites. In all the other
species of Astacus which I have examined there is a third pair on the preced-
ing somite. The first abdominal appendages of the male A. fiof/i/ir* are
figured by Brocchi, Ann. Sci. Nat., G e Ser., Zool. et Paleontol, Tom. II.. I'l.
XIII. figs. 12, 13 ("Astacus fluviatilts" from Vaucluse). They agree in form

* Huxley leaves the question of tlie specific or the varietal value of the forms A. n
fium (= A.fiiciatilis and A. imHipi'i) undecided.

144 A REVISION OF THE

with those of A. torreutiuni, and differ from those of the other European
species, as pointed out on page 140.

Uix/i'iliution. Aastacus pallipes appears to be found chiefly in Southern
and Western Europe. According to Kessler, it is not found in Russia. Grnbe
collected it in Lake Vrana in the island of Cherso. Heller records it from
Greece, Dalmatia, the island of Veglia, Trieste, Lake Garda, and Genoa. In
France it is apparently common in the valley of the Rhone (I have seen
specimens from Fontaine de Vaucluse and from Lyons),* and has perhaps
passed from this valley into that of the Rhine, where it is known from Lake
Neufchatel (at Montagny and Neufchatel), and from the neighborhood of
Strasburg. In the last-named region A. torrcntimn and A. fluvioctilis are also
found (Lereboullet). The passage of the southern A. pallipes into Alsace
would be facilitated by the Rhine and Rhone Canal, as Klunzinger has
remarked. t According to the older authors, crayfishes are not found in
Spain, but it is certain that at the present day the market of Madrid is sup-
plied with a species of crayfish from the neighborhood of that cit_y. " The
crayfish appears to be unknown in the livers Douro and Tagus on the west-
ern side of the Peninsula, and in the Ebro on the eastern ; but it is found
abundantly in the Talegones and Escalote, rivulets forming part of the
sources of the Douro, in the Henares, one of the sources of the Tagus, and in
the upper part of the Jalon, an important tributary of the Ebro. Widely
separated, however, as these three rivers become in their courses to the
sea, both east and west, the rivulets I have mentioned as forming their prin-
cipal sources all take their rise within an area probably not more than
twenty miles square, situated nearly in the centre of Spain, and about
forty or fifty miles northeast of Madrid. It is from these small streams
that the Madrid market is supplied, .... and these streams are the only
ones well within the borders of the Peninsula in which, so far as I can dis-
cover, the crayfish is to be found The peculiar localization of these

crustaceans in the centre of Spain suggests the idea of their having been
specially introduced, but experiments in acclimatization are, I believe,
unknown in the Peninsula." $

Huxley tells us (op. cif., p. 298) that the crayfishes from the neighborhood

* Gerstfeldt's " Steinkrebs " from the Rhone (op. cit., p. 577) is A. pallipes.

f In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia are specimens from the Rhine
(Dr. Hallowell) and from Paris (Guerin Coll., No. 284).

i Note on the Distribution of the Crayfish (Astacus) in Spain. By E. W. H. Iloldsworth, fc. L. S.,
F. Z. S.. etc. Proc. Zoulog. Soc. London, 1880, pp. 421, 422.

AST ACTS.

of Madrid are " alt outlier similar to tho<e of Britain [A. />,>//;/><]. excepl
that the subrostral spine is less developed."

Crayfishes are also said to lie found in the neighborhood of Marceloiia,
on the eastern coast of Spain ((ierstlHdi, <>/>. cit., p. ~>S7). 1 c;mimt lind ;mv
mention of them in Portugal.

A*/n<'iis /><///;/>es also inhabits England and Ireland, in which it is probaUv
the sole species. All the English and Irish specimens seen by IIii\l<-v
belong to this species (Huxley, <>}>. oil., pp. 288, 298).* Bell's figure is cer-
tainly the same, and probably Pennant's as well, although concerning the
latter there maybe some doubt. According to Huxley. ' They are abun-
dant in some of our [English] rivers, such as the Isis and other aflluents of
the Thames; and they have been observed in those of Devon ;t but they
appear to be absent from many others. I cannot hear of any, for example,
in the Cam or the Ouse, on the east, or in the rivers of Lancashire t and
Cheshire, on the west. It is still more remarkable, that, according to the
best information I can obtain, they are absent in the Severn, though they
are plentiful in the Thames and Severn Canal. Dr. M'Intosh, who has paid
particular attention to the fauna of Scotland, assures me that crayfish are
unknown north of the Tweed."

Crayfishes are found in many localities in Ireland, where they would
seem to have been distributed to a greater or less extent by artificial means.||
Perhaps they are not indigenous in any part of the island. Some remarks of
Wm. Thompson 1| point to the existence of two species in Ireland (A. Jliicinttllis
and A. palKpes ?).

A. pallipcs is a burrowing species, being found in the winter, according to
Huxley, in holes in the banks of streams. The burrows may be more than
a yard deep.** In the neighborhood of Strasburg it is found in holes in the
canals (Lereboullet).

* A. torrentiiim of Huxley is A. palllpex Lereb.
t Moore, Mag. Nat. Hist, New Series, III. 2S9, 1839.

t There are specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, from William Stimpson, said to
come from the neighborhood of Liverpool.
Huxley, op. cit., p. 288.

|| \Vni. Thompson, " The Crustacea of Ireland," Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XI. 106, 1843.
5[ Op. cit., p. 107, foot-note.
** Huxley, op. cit., p. 8.

10

146 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

8. Astacus fluviatilis.

? Cammarus, BELON, De Aquatilibus, p. 353, fig. on p. 355, 1553.

Astacus fluviatilis, RONDELET, Universa Aquatilium Histoi-ia, Pars II. p. 210, with cut, 1555.

Ax/netis Jliioiutili.1, GESNER, Historia Auiuialium, Lib. IV. p. 120, with cut, 1558. (In part. Edelkrebs, p. 122.)

( 'iiiiiiiittrus, MATTIOLI, Commentarii in Sex Libros Dioscoridis de Medica Materia, Lib. II. p. 309, with fig., 1505.

Cammarus, sen Astacus fliiviatilis, ALDROVANDI, De Reliq. Animal. Exang. . Moll. Crust. Testae, et Zoophvt.,

Cap. VI. p. 127, with cuts, 1606. (lu part. Krebs, Edelkrebs, p. 129.)
Astacus fluviatilis (iu pari), SCHOXEYELDE, Ichthyologia, p. 24, 1G24.
Qammarus sen Astucus fluviatilis, WORM, Museum Wormiauum, p. 248, 1055.
Cammarus sen As/ui'its fluviatilis, JONSTON, Hist. Nat. de Exang. Aquat., p. 18, Tab. II. fig. 4, Tab. III.

figs. 2, 3, 4, Tab. IV. fig. 1 (fig. 2 after Aldrovaudi), 1650. Also iu Ruysch, Theatrum Univ. Animal.,

Pars IV. p. 15, Tab. II. fig. 4, Tab. III. figs. 2, 3, 4, Tab. IV. figs. 1, 2, 1718.
Gummarus sen Cancer fluviatilis, SACHS A LOWENHEIMB, Fa/i/iapoXoyta, p. 204, Tab. VIII. (after Jonston),

1665.

Cancer macrourus ; rostra supra serrato, basi ntrinque dente simplici, LINNE, Fauna Suecica, p. 358, 1746.
JJer Flusslcrebs, ROSEL, Insekteu-Belustigung, Th. III. p. 305, Tab. LIV.-LXL, 1755. (Eigs. copied iu Encycl.

Meth., Vol. CXCI., PI. 2S6, 288, 289, 290, 1830.)

Cancer astacus, LINNE, Syst. Nat,., 10th ed., I. 031, 1758 ; 12th ed., 1. 1051, 1767.
Astacus flu viatilis, FABRICIUS, Syst. Entoinol., p. 413, 1775. Species Insectorum, I. 509, 1781. Mantissa

Insectorum, I. 331, 1737- Eutomol. Syst. emeud. et aucta, II. 478, 1793. Suppl. Eutomol. Syst.,

p. 406, 1798.

Astacus fluviatilis, DE GEER, Mem. pour serv. a FHist. des lusectes, Tom. VII., PI. XX. XXII., 1778.
Cancer astacus, BOCK, Versucb einer wirthschaftlicheu Naturgesch. von dem Konigreich Ost- und Wcst-

preussen, V. 278, 1785.
Cancer astacus, HERBST, Versueh einer Naturgesebichte der Krabben und Krebse, II. 38, Tab. XXIII. fig. 9,

1796. (In part. Edle Krebse, p. 41 )
Astacus fluviatilis, LATREILLE, Hist. Nat. gen. et partic. des Crustaces et des Insectes, I. 367, PI. III., 1S01 ;

III. 33, 1801 ; V. 235, 1802. Gen. Crust, et Insect., I. 51. 1S06.
Astacus fluviatilis, Kosc, Hist. Nat. Crust., II. 62, PI. XI. fig. 2, 1802.
Cancer nobilis (Edelkrebs), SCIIRANK, Fauna Boica, III. 246, 1803.
Edelkrebs, WOLF, Mag. neuest. Zustand Naturkunde, Bd. XI., Taf. I. fig. 3, 1806.
Astacus fluviatilis, LAMARCK, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vertebres, V. 216, 1818.
Astacus fluviatilis, DESJIAREST, Cousid. Gen. sur la Classe des Cruslaces, p. 211, 1825.
Aslacus fluviatilis, BRANDT and RATZEBURG, Medizinische Zoologie, II. 58, Tab. X., XL, 1833.
Astac us fluviatilis (in part), MILNE EDWABDS, Hist. Nat. Crust., II. 330, 1837. (Second "variety" noted

on p. 331.)
Astacus fluviatilis, KOCH, Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapodeu und Arachnideu, Heft 36, No. 23, with fig.

(Panzer and Ilerrich-Scha (Tor's Deutschlauds Insecteu, Heft 186, No. 23), 1841.
Astacus fluviatilis, ERICHSON, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jabrg., I. 90, 1846.

Ax/iH'iix jlitriutilix, LEKEBOULLET, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Strasbourg, Tom. V., PI III. figs. l-l d , 1858.
Astacus flitr'ui/ili* rmnmti/iis, GERSTPELDT, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petcrsbourg, IX. 554, 584, 1859.
Ax/ticiix jl/irinlilix, HELLER, Die Crustaceeu des siidliehcn Europa, p. 214, Taf. VII. fig. 4, 1863.
Astacus fluciatilis (1'ccrevisse a pieds rouges), CARBONNIER, L'Ecrevisse, p. 8, 1869.
Astacus fluviatilis, KESSLER, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 257 [357], 1874.
Astacus nobilis* HUXLEY, The Crayfish, pp. 295, 296, fig. 61, B, E, n, fig. 62, B, E, 1880.
Astacus fluviatilis (Edelkrebs), KH-NZINGER, Jabresbefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkuude in

Wurttemberg, XXXVIII. Jahrg., p. 342, 1882.
Astacus fluviatilis, FAXON, Proc. Amor. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 155, 1884.

Remarks on the Synonymy. The above list comprises only the more impor-
tant systematic works relating to Astaeus fiwnatiKs. Works devoted exclusively
to its anatomy, development, and physiology have been purposely omitted.

* See foot-note oil page 143.

ASTAOUS. 147

Under the name of Axtm-us Jltir/nli/ix, CmiDmirux, or Gammarus, the older
authors included not only the " Edelkrebs," or the species to which the
name A. JhtriaUlis is now restricted, but also the " Steinkrebs," or " Thul-
krebs," a smaller form now known as A. torrcnl/inn. Indeed, it is probable that
these authors confounded A. lormilinm and A. jxitlipcs under the one name
"Steinkrebs."* As early as 1558 Gesner wrote : " Abundant Astaci fluvia-
tiles in Helvcticis et alpinis regionibus, in rivis, fluviis, torrentibus, lacubus.
Surit autem duorum generum : alii nobiles cognominantur (Edelkrebs), ma-
jores nigrioresque : alii Steinkrebs (id est saxatiles) et Thulkrebs (nescio
uncle dicuntur) reperiuntur in rivis saxosis, minores, parte supina albiores,
prona nigriores ; elixi non undiquaque rubescunt, sed partim albicant."t

Herbst (1796), in his account of Cancer asfacus, not only discriminates
between the Edelkrebs and the Steinkrebs, but mentions the large crayfish
from the Volga and the Jaik, afterwards described as a distinct species by
Eschscholtz under the name of A. leptodaetyhis.$

In 1802 Schrank first separated the Steinkrebs and Edelkrebs as two
distinct species, Cancer torrentium and C. nolilis (Fauna Boica, p. 246). The
Russian A. Icptodadylus was first named and described as a distinct species in
1823, by Eschscholtz (Mem. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, Tom. V. p. 109, Tab.
XVIII.). Fourteen years later, Milne Edwards, in the second volume of his
classical " Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces," describes but one species of
European Astacus (A. JJuviatilis). He says, however: "II existe deux vari-
etes de cette ecrevisse : dans Tune, le rostre se retrecit graduellement des sa
base, et ses dents laterales sont situees pres de son extremite ; dans 1'autre,
les bords lateraux du rostre sont paralleles dans leur moitie posterieure, et
les dents laterales sont plus fortes et plus eloignees de son extremite."
The second so-called "variety" \sA.fluviatilis. The first might be either
A. torrentium or A. pattipes, for anything in the description, but the figure
given by him in the Disciples' edition of Cuvier's Regne Animal is A. pal-
/ijics, which seems to be commoner in France than A. torrentium.

* The figures of the European crayfish in the older writers down to Pennant, as far as they can be
determined, seem to represent A. Jlitriatitis sfxu strictiori. Pennant's " Crawfish " is apparently A. pal-
lipi's. Of the figures published in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, those of Gesuer and Mattioli,
and Jonston's Tab. III. figs. 2, 3, 4, are tolerably good representations of the species.

f Op. supra fit,., p. 122. Cf. Aldrovandi, Schonevelde, Rosel, II. c., etc.

J So also Bosc, op cit., p. 38 (3d ed.) : " Dans les grands fieuves de la Russie asiatiqne, tels que le
Don, le Volga, etc., il y a des ecrevisses d'une prodigieuse grandeur, qu'ou ne peche que pour avoir leurs
pierres " ; and on p. 40, under Astacus Jluviatilis, " Se trouve dans les rivieres en Europe et en Asie." So
also Desmarest, op. cit., p. 211, 1825.

148 A EEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

In 1858 Lereboullet clearly pointed out the differences between the
three species of Astacus inhabiting Western and Central Europe, viz. A.flu-
viatilis, A. pallipes (Dohlenkrebs), and A. longicornis (Steinkrebs). Lereboullet's
A. longicornis is the species previously described by Schrank as Cancer tor-
rent 'turn.

In 1859 there was published a revision of the European Astaci by Gerst-
feldt,* based chiefly upon the material in the Museum of the Imperial Acad-
emy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, and in the collection of the University of
Dorpat. Gerstfeldt concludes that there are only two species of Astacus in
Europe: A. flumatilis (including four varieties, A. fuviatilis communis, A. Icpto-
dactt/lus Eschscholtz, A. cmgulosiis Rathke, and A. pachypus Rathke) and A. tor-
reuliiim, the " Steiukrebs." No one will deny that A. ftmatilis, Icptodactylus,
and pachypus are closely related to each other, but, judging from the mate-
rial which I have examined, they constitute three species. It is true that
some specimens of A. fuvialilis vary slightly in the direction of A. Ifptodac-
iylm^ and vice versa, but not to such a degree as to bridge over the chasm
between the two forms, or to puzzle even an untrained eye in separating
them. I agree with Kessler in considering A. foii'itdilis, leplodactylus, and
pachypus to be distinct species. $ A. angnlosus, on the other hand, appears
to pass by transitional forms into A. kptodaetylus, and may be considered a
local variety of the latter. Gerstfeldt' s knowledge of the " Steinkrebs " was
limited to five poorly preserved specimens from the Rhone River, which
his description on page 577 shows to have been A. puUipcs Lereb. He con-
founds this form with another species, the Cancer torrent ium of Schrank.

Distribution. Owing to the lack of discrimination on the part of most
authors between the three species A. fuviatilis, pallipes, and torrcntium, it is
impossible accurately to determine the geographical range of these common
European crayfishes, and the problem is further complicated by the artificial
introduction of these animals as a food supply into many rivers to which
they are not indigenous. A. fitriatilis alone among them is found within the
limits of the Russian Empire. "Here it inhabits especially the Baltic water-
shed, where it reaches the northern as well as the eastern limit of its dis-

* TJeber die Flusskrebse Europa's. Von G. Gerstfeldt. Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersbourg,
Tom. IX.

f For example, in some specimens of A. Jlumatilis the margins of the rostrum are slightly denticulate,
and the fingers are longer than in the ordinary specimens.

% Kessler (pp. cit., p. 368) points out the fact, that in the Baltic area, where A. leptorlactylus has invaded
the domain of A.Jluviatilis, no intercrossing of the two forms has taken place, but the former is driving out
the latter.

ASTAcrs. 149

tribution. Its extension in Finland, according to Nylander,* is bounded by
a line passing from Christinestad, on the Gulf of Bothnia, southeasterly to
Serdobol, at the northern end of Lake Ladoga. Eastward from Lake Ladoga
it is found in the Uslanka, a tributary of the Sveer. It seems to be the sole
occupant of the waters which flow from the south into the Gulf of Finland
and the Baltic Sea, excepting the streams and lakes that are connected by
means of canals with the basin of the Volga. In these it is partially re-
placed by A. leptodadyhis. It still holds its own in Lakes Beresai and Bologoe,
and in the small tributaries of the Msta and the Volkhov. Finally, it is
found in some of the small streams of the upper part of the basin of the
Dnieper as far as Moheelev."t According to Gerstfeldt (op. cit., p. 558),
A. furiaiilis sometimes passes out from the mouths of rivers into the sea,
having been captured with marine fishes at a considerable distance from the
shore on the coast of Livonia.

To the westward, A. fiiriatilis extends into Austria, Germany, and France,
dividing the field with A. torrentinm and A. pallipes. It is difficult to deter-
mine its southern limits from the literature, on account of the uncertainty
of the identification. If Scopoli's Cancer astacns\ be this form, it is plentiful
in Lake Kirknitz in Carniola. Belon (op. cit., p. 353) speaks of crayfishes
in the Po, and Olivi (Zoologia Adriatica, p. 48, 1792) gives "Cancer astacits"
as one of the animals found in the neighborhood of Venice. Risso (Hist.
Nat. Eur. Merid., Tom. V. p. 55, 1826) records A. jluritttilis from the river
Taggia, province of Porto Maurizio, and Costa includes it in his catalogue
of the Crustacea of the kingdom of Naples (Fauna del Regno di Napoli,
1840). Heller, who distinguishes between A. Jhivifililis and A. pallijies, gives
as localities for the former, Nice, the Po, and Naples. Perhaps these locali-
ties are simply given on the authority of the older authors just enumerated;
in which case, I suspect that the Italian crayfishes may turn out to be the

* Nntzer ur Sallskap. pro Fauna et Flora Fcnnica. Forhandl. Ny Ser., Heft I. p. 24S, 1859.

t Kessler, op. cit., pp. 259, 200 [359, 360]. Gerstfeldt (op. cit., p. 588) reports A. Jl/tuiatilis I'mm
Moscow, but. perhaps it was brought, there artificially for food, as it is more highly esteemed in this regard
than its relative, A. leptodacti/Ins. According to the same authority, there are two specimens of A.JIurin/ili.t
in the collection of Dorpat University, labelled A. pachypii*, from Nicolaievin Southern Russia (Boug River).
It was formerly found in the Government of Koorsk (native or introduced ?). See Koppen, Beitr. Kcnntn.
Russ. Reiches, 2** Folge, Bd. VI. pp. 297, 298. It was introduced into Southern Finland in the time of
John III. of Sweden (13(58-92). Middendorff, Sibirische Reise, Bd. IV. Th. 2, pp. SS5, 880; Koppen,
op. cit., p. 297.

% Eutomologia Carniolica, 1703. Cf. Gerstfeldt, op. cit., p. 585, who thinks that the large specimens
recorded from the river Kerka at Gurk may be A. 1,'p/n,/,,,-/,//,,*. Heller, op. cit., p. 215, also gives these
Caruiolian localities for A.JJtiviatilis, but whether from his own knowledge or on the authority of the older
authors I cannot say.

150 A EEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

commoner Southern species A. pallipes, which has been very generally con-
founded with A. fluviatilis.

The Astaci from the Spanish peninsula are probably A. pallipes, as well
as those of England and Ireland.*

A. fluviatilis is also found in Denmark (Huxley, op. cil., p. 299) and in
the Scandinavian peninsula. It appears to have been introduced artificially
into the latter, having been scarcely known in Sweden before the time
of John III. (1568-92). t From Sweden it has spread into Southeastern
Norway.^

9. Astacus leptodactylus.

Astacus leptodaciylus, ESCHSCHOLTZ, Mem. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, VI. 109, Tub. XVIII., 1823.
Astacus leptoduftylus, RATHKE, Mem. Acad. Imper. des Sci. St. Petersbourg, III. 359, Tab. IV. figs. 1, 2,

1837. (Separate, 1S36.)
Astacus leptodactylus, var. Crispin, EICHWALD, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, 1838, p. 148. Fauna Caspio-

Caucasia, p. 179, Tab. XXXVI. fig. 1, 1841.
Aslacus leptorluc/i/lus, var. salintis, NORDMANN, Observations sur la Faune Poutique, in Demidoff's Voyage

dans la Russie Merid. et la Crimee, Atlas, Crustacea, Tab. I. (No date.)
Astacus leptodactylus, ERICHSON, Arch. Naturgesch., XI. Jahrg., I. 90, 1846.
Astacus jtitoiatilis, var. leptodactylus, GEKSTFELDT, Mem. Acad. Imper. des Sci. St. Petersbourg, IX. 55S,

584, 1839.

Astacus leptudacli/lus, HELLER, Die Cmstacceu des siidlichen Europa, p. 215, Taf. VII. fig. 6, 1863.
Astacus leptodactylus, KESSLER, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 249 [349], 1874.
Astacus leptodactylus, HUXLEY, The Crayfish, p. 303, fig. 75 (after Rathke), 1880.
Astacus leptodactylus, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts aud Sci., XX. 157, 1884.

VAR. angulosa.

Astacus angulosus, RATHKE, Mem. Acad. Imper. des Sci. St. Petersbourg, HI. 364, Tab. IV. fig. 3, 1S37.

(Separate, 1836.)

Astacus aiifftilosus, ERICUSON, Arch. Naturgesch., XI. Jahvg., I. 91, 1846. (After Rathke.)
Astacusjlttviatilis, var. angulosus, GERSTFELDT, Mem. Acad. Imper. des Sci. St. Petersbourg, IX. 563, 584,

1859.

Astacus angulosus, HELLER, Die Crustaceen des siidlicheu Europa, p. 216, 1863.

Astacus leptodactylus, var. aiiyulosus, KESSLER, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 251 [351], 1874.
Astacus leptodactylus, var. aiiyulosa, FAXON, Proc. Araer. Acad. Arts aud Sci., XX. 157, 1SS4.

Distribution. Astacus leptodactylus has the widest distribution of any of
the European species of Astacus. It is found in all the rivers that flow into
the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov on the north from the Danube to Mount
Caucasus, and in those that empty into the Caspian Sea as far east as the
Ural Mountains and the Muchojar Hills in Western Siberia. It descends into
the brackish waters of the estuaries of the rivers that empty into the Black

* See pp. 144, 145. f Limit-, Fauna Suecica, p. 358, 1746.

+ G. 0. Sars, Hist. Nat. des Crustacea d'Eau douce de Norvege, p. 11, 1867.
The text is dated 1840.

ASTACUS.

Sea and tlie Sea of Azov, and it is widely distributed in the Caspian Sea,
having been reported from the following points therein : Peninsula of Man-
ghishluk, Island of Cheleken, Krasnovodsk, Astrabad, Sara Island, Lenko-
ran, and Bakoo (Kessler, Eichwald). It has been taken with the dredge
from a depth of six to nineteen fathoms in the Caspian Sea (Kessler, p. 372).
1 have seen specimens from the basin of the Danube as far up as Balaton
Lake * in Hungary (Coll. Peabody Mus. Yale Coll.), and Heller reports it
from the Theiss River and Mohacs. Middendorff states that it ascends the
Volga system to the sixtieth parallel, in the neighborhood of Tcherdy.f
It is also found to the northwnrd in the rivers and lakes which drain into
the Baltic and White Seas, Erichson reporting it from Courland,$ Kessler
from many of the lakes and rivers that connect with the Gulf of Finland ;
viz. Lakes Ilmen and Valdai, and the rivers Vodla, Vytegra, Sveer, Volkhov,
and Msta. Here it has invaded the domain of A. fuviatills, and according
to Kessler is supplanting that less fertile species.]] In the Northern Dwina
A. Icplodadijlm alone is found, descending to Archangel.**

The Ponto-Caspian basin is undoubtedly the original home of A. leptodac-
1yhis. Thence its migration into the northern rivers was made easy by the
canals connecting the Volga and Dnieper with the rivers of the Baltic and
White Seas.

A. leptodadylus was introduced by man in 1822 into the River Isset, a
tributary of the Tobol. in Western Siberia, and is now common in many of
the streams of the Obi River basin, e. g. the Toora, Niza, Irtish, Tara, Orn,
and also in the upper part of the Obi. Its distribution over such a wide area
of the Obi basin is due partly to spontaneous spreading, partly to artificial
transference from one stream to another. It is probable that crayfishes did
not exist in the waters east of the Ural Mountains until they were trans-
ported thither by man, although Pallas ft speaks of their presence in the
upper course of the Ui, an affluent of the Tobol, as early as 1770. As the

* The water of Balaton Lake is said to be slightly salt.

f Sibirische Reise, Bd. IV. Th. 2, p. 882, 1867.

J Kessler (op. cit. p. 253 [353]) doubts whether A. leptodadylus be found in Courland, as Erichson
announced ; but as the Southern Dwina is connected by means of canals with both Lake Ilmen and the Bcre-
sina River (an affluent of the Dnieper), immigration of this species into Courlaud would 1)6 facilitated.

The Msta, which flows into Lake Ilmeu, and thence through Lake Ladoga into the Gulf of Finland, is
connected by a canal with the Tvcrtsa, a tributary of the Volga. The Vytegra also communicates with the
basin of the Volga through the Murinskni Canal.

|| According to Kessler A. /i'/j/wfirrf//l,rs lays from 500 to 600 eggs, A. fm-intilix rarely more than 250.
** A. leptfjili/cl i/lux is also found in Lapland, according to Gerstfeldt, op. cit., p. 589.
ff Reise durch verscliiedeue Proviuzen des Rnssischeu Reiches, Th. II. p. 381.

152 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

sources of the Ural River are not remote from those of the Ui, it is possible
that a spontaneous migration from the former into the latter has taken place.*

Eichwald describes and figures A. leptodac/ytu-s, var. Gasjm, from the Cas-
pian Sea near Lenkoran, as smaller than the normal form, the carapace
smoother, and the margins of the rostrum nearly smooth. It is probably
an immature stage of A. leptodactyliis.

In Astacm angulosus Rathke, from the Crimea and adjacent region, the fin-
gers of the male are not elongated, as in Astacus leptodaetylus Eschscholtz, so
that the hand has much the same form as in the female of the latter species.
The rostrum, moreover, is broader, with its margins more nearly parallel
from the base to the lateral spines, and with its median carina prominent
and toothed toward the apex ; the abdominal pleura are shorter and broader
than in A. Iqitoilidijlus. The flattening of the sides of the carapace, by
which an angle is formed by the dorsal and lateral faces, is not characteristic
of this form, although it suggested the name to Rathke. The same condi-
tion is sometimes found in specimens that in all other respects agree with
the form leptodictylus, while in some examples of A. angulosus the branchial
regions are as convex as in A. Icptodactijlm. In the shape of the rostrum and
abdominal pleura A. angulosns approaches A.flumatilis, but it cannot be con-
fused with that species, on account of the shape of the chela, the double pair
of post-orbital spines, etc. Forms intermediate between A. angulosus and
A. leptodactylus, having the rostrum of the latter combined with characters
belonging to the former, are met with in the Sulak River, which flows into
the Caspian south of the Terek on the northern side of Mount Caucasus
(Gerstfeldt). It seems natural, therefore, to consider A. angulosus a variety
of A. leptodactylus.

Since this account of the European Astaci was written, Wladiurir Schimkewitsclif
has published an insufficient preliminary notice of an Astacus from the neighborhood of
the town of Turkestan in the valley of the Jaxartes. It is closely related to A.fluriatllis
and A. leptodactylus, perhaps not specifically distinct from one of these. It seems to be
subject to considerable variation in the form of the rostrum and telson. According to
Schimkewitsch it differs from all the allied species in the great development of spiny
tubercles on the sides of the carapace (there being four on the hind border of the cervical

* With reference to the presence of A. leptodacti/lii* iu Western Siberia, see Kessler, op. cif., p. 371,
Middendorff, op. cit., p. SS5, and especially Koppen, " Notiz iiber die Ruckwauderung der Dreissena poly-
morphit Pall. Nebst einem Anhange : Ueber kiinstliche Verpflauzimg der Flusskrebse iu Russland." Beitr.
zur Kenntniss des Russischen Reiches, 2te Folge, Bd. VI., 1S83.

f Der turkestanische Flusskrebs. (VorlauQge Mittheiluug.) Von Wladimir Schimkewitsch. Zoolo-
gischer Anzeiger, VII. 339-341, 23 Juni, 1884.

ASTACUS. 153

groove on each side of the body) and in the shape of the anterior process of the epistoma,
which is triangular with convex sides. It would seem to approach A. angulosua in the
spiny character of the carapace. Schirnkewitsch aflirrns that intermediate forms connect
A. pitf/ii/j>nx with A. li'/i/<ii/<ir/t/tt!x (Government of Kiazan), and A. Iqilodact i/lus with
A. Jhvoiatilis (Governments of Toola and Moscow). He evidently inclines, with Gerst-
feldt, to the opinion that all the Eurasiatic Astaci, excepting those of the Amoor basin
and Japan, form but two distinct species, viz. A. nolilis (including the varieties A. flu-
viatitis, leptodactylus, angulosus, pnc/ii/^mn, CnMiicus, etc.) and A. torrentium (including
A. pallipcs) of Western Europe. In the material that has fallen into my hands I
have not seen indications of the intermediate forms, and I have been led to consider all
the forms just named to be valid species, with the exception of A. angulosus. Kessler,
who had unrivalled opportunities for forming a just opinion on this point, came to the
same conclusion. After all, to any one who believes that all these forms are descended
from a common ancestor, the question whether they constitute two species with marked
varieties, or whether they rather form two groups of closely allied species, is merely a
question of terms.

10. Astacus pachypus.

Aslacus pachypus, RATIIKE, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersbourg, III. 365, 1837. (Separate, 1836.)
Astacus Crispins, EICIIWALD, Bull. Soe. Imper. Nat. Moscou, 1838, p. 149. Fauna Caspio-Caucasia, p. 181,

Tab. XXXVI. fig. 2, mi.

Astacus pachypus, ERICHSOS, Arch. Naturgesch., XII. Jahrg., I. 91, 1816. (After Rathke.)
Astaciis Cuspiiis, ERICHSON, op. cit., p. 92, 1846. (After Eichwald.)
Astacus Jluviatilis, var. pachypus el Caspius, GERSTFELDT, Mem. Acad. Imper. Sci. St. Petersbourg, IX. 566,

584, 1859.

Astacus pm-lii/pus, HELLEII, Die Crustaceen des siidlichen Europa, p. 217, 1863.
Astacus pai-ltypus, KESSLEK, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, XLVIII. 254 [354], 1874.
As/ iic us ihiclii/iii/s, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts aud Sci., XX. 158, 1884.

Distribution. Brackish waters of the Caspian Sea and estuaries of rivers
flowing into the Caspian and Black Seas. Estuary of the Dniester at Kolo-
glea (Kessler) ; of the Bong at Nicolaiev (Rathke, Kessler) ; mouths of the
Volga, Astrakhan (Kessler) ; Lesser Oozen River ; Caspian Sea at Manghish-
lak (Kessler), Krasnovodsk (Kessler), and Bakoo.

11. Astacus Colchicus.

Astacus Colchicus, KESSLER, Bull. Soc. Imper. Nat. Moscou, L. 2, 1876.
Astacus Colchicus, FAXON, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., XX. 158, 1884.

Distribution. Upper part of Rion River and tributaries, Transcaucasia.
According to Kessler, Astaci are found in Lake Palteostom, south of the
mouth of the Rion ; but whether they be A. Colchicus or not is unknown.
A. Colchicus is brought to the market of Tiflis from the upper Rion. It has

20

154 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

been artificially introduced, according to Dr. Radde, into some of the tribu-
taries of the upper Koor (the Cyrus of the ancients), which flows eastward
into the Caspian Sea (Kessler).

NOTE ON THE FOSSIL ASTACID^E.

Abundant fossil remains of Crustacea nearly allied to the recent Homaridse and Asta-
cidae are found in the Jurassic from the Middle Lias to the lithographic slates of Bavaria
and Wiirtemberg. These ancient Decapods, belonging to the genera Eryina and Pseudas-
tacus,* agreed with the lobsters and crayfishes of the present day in having the three
anterior pairs of legs terminated by pincer-like claws (the first pair large and powerful),
the abdominal pleura drawu out into prominent lateral plates, and the outer branch of
the enlarged posterior pair of appendages or swimmerets divided by a transverse suture.
The carapace was produced into a prominent rostrum, commonly denticulate on the
margin ; the telson showed no trace of a division into two pieces by a transverse suture
(agreeing in this regard with the telsou of the modern Homaridae and Parastacinse), and
was more triangular in outline than in the living forms ; the large chelse were nearly sym-
metrical on the two sides of the body, and the shell granulated or tuberculated, as in
the Astacidiu. If we unite the Honiarid;e and the Astacidffi in one tribe, the Astacoidea,
there can be no reasonable doubt that the Jurassic genera Eryma and Pseudastacus would
be included properly in this tribe. To them we turn in seeking the progenitors of the
llomaridse and Astacidse of our seas and rivers. Unfortunately, these fossils have im-
parted as yet no information concerning certain important structural features which must
be known before we can determine whether the Astacine type was thus early differen-
tiated from the Homarine. I refer to the number, structure, and arrangement of the
gills ; the condition of the last thoracic somite, whether free or fixed ; and the structure of
the anterior abdominal appendages. In our ignorance of these structural characters in
these marine Jurassic fossils I cannot see the slightest ground for Huxley's conclusion,
that in the genus Pseudastacus we already see a differentiation of the Astacine from the
Homarine type represented by Eryma. f Pseudastacus differs from Eryma in having a
longer rostrum, longer and thicker antennal peduncle and scale, and in the lack of movable
spines on the penultimate segment of the fourth pair of legs. In P. j>ustuhsus (Miinst.)
the inner as well as the outer branch of the swimmerets seems to have been divided by a
transverse suture. Now, in none of these particulars does Pseudastacus, as distinguished
from Eryma, approach the Astacidie of the preseut time. Boas* has called attention to
the fact that the transverse part of the " cervical " groove of Pseudastacus is the same as
the anterior and more deeply impressed groove (marked d in Boas's figures) on the cara-
pace of Eryma, and that it is not homologous with the cervical groove of Homarus and
Astacus (c of Boas's figures), but rather with the anterior slightly impressed groove seen
on the carapace of Nephrops.

* For au account of these animals, the reader is referred to the beautifully illustrated work of Oppel,
Palaeoutologische Milthrilimgon, Stuttgart, 1862. The Astacus Kaorrii of Milne Edwards (Hist. Nat. Crust.,
II. 333), figured by Kuorr and by Desmarest, is probably an Eryma.

f Huxley, The Crayfish, p. 313.

t Studic'r over Decapodernes Slsegtskabsforhold. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 6te Rsekke, Naturvid. og Math.
Afd , Bd. I. pp. 71, 170, foot-note 2, 1880.

FOSSIL ASTACID^E. 155

No remains of Crustacea near the Astacida- have been found in the Wealdcn, which
is of fresh-water origin, while the Cretaceous lias yielded the genera Hoploparia and
Euoploclytia, which closely resemble the recent HomuricUu. Hoploparia is found also in
the London Clay (Eocene).

Schltiter* has described, under the name Axtin-iix i>nlihis, a Decapod from the Lower
Chalk of Westphalia,- in which the telson is divided by a transverse suture, as in the
majority of the Potamobiina! ; but the single specimen obtained is too imperfect to admit
of being definitely placed, the fore part of the carapace, including the rostrum, as well as
the terminal portion of all the legs, being lost.f

It is only in the fresh-water Tertiary deposits of the Western United States that fossils
have been discovered which can be referred reasonably to the family Astacidre. Packard \
has described and figured by the name of Cambarus primccvus two specimens from the
Lower Tertiary beds (Eocene ?) of the Bear River Valley in Western Wyoming. Judging
from Packard's figures, I should think that these specimens belonged to Astacus rather
than to Cambarus. The shape of the autennal scale and the cheke indicate this. I fail
to see the close resemblance pointed out by Packard between these specimens and Cam-
barus affinis. The rostrum, as shown in the figures, resembles that of A. Da minis as
nearly as any living form. With reference to the conditions under which these crayfishes
lived, Dr. Packard says : " The soft, fine, fissile, clayey shales of the Bear River Tertiaries
contain not only a good many herring-like fish, but also genuine skates. The presence
of land plants mingled with marine animals shows that the waters were fresh, but com-
municated with the sea ; the conditions were apparently those of a deep estuary, into
which fresh-water streams ran, and in these livers lived the crayfish. The deposits were
probably Eocene, if these divisions are to be retained for the Tertiary deposits of the
West, and may have been laid down nearer the ocean than those of Green River."

In 1870 Cope described three extinct species of Astacus from fresh-water Tertiary
deposits in the Territory of Idaho. The specimens were obtained by Clarence King, on
the expedition sent out for the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel west of the
Mississippi River. I have not been able to find the specimens in the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, where they belong.

The first species described by Cope is named Astacus sulyrimdialis. In this form
the rostrum is narrow, concave above, acute, with five spinous points on each side and
a terminal recurved spinelet ; two post-orbital tubercles on each side, the anterior pair
spiniform ; surface of the carapace smooth or obsoletely wrinkled ; abdominal pleura promi-
nent and acuminate, those of the second segment four times as wide as the others ; chelae
nearly smooth, not granulate, the superior edge spiniferous; the longitudinal groove of the
carflis is well marked, and this segment is not spiniferous ; the antenual scales are large,
and extend nearly to the tip of the rostrum ; areola of moderate width. Length to cervical

* Neue Fische und Krebse aus der Kreide von Westphalen. You Dr. W. von der Marck und Dr. Cl.
Schliiter. Palaeontographica, XV. 302, Taf. XL1T. figs. 4, 5, 1808.

f So also with the genus Astacodes founded by Bell (Mon. Foss. Malacostr. Crust. Great Britain, Pt.
II. Crust, of the Gault and Greeusand, p. 30, PI. IX. figs. 1-6, 1862) for the reception of Meyeria falcifer
Phillips from the Speeton Clay.

J " Fossil Crawfish from the Tertiaries of Wyoming," Amer. Nat., XIV. 222, 223, March, 1880. " On
a Crayfish from the Lower Tertiary Beds of Western Wyoming," Bull. U. S. Geolog. and Geograph. Surv.
Terr., VI. 391-397, with two cuts, September, 1SS1.

"On Three Extinct Astaci from the Fresh-water Tertiary of Idaho," Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc.,
XI. 605-607, 1870.

156 A EE VISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

groove, .0415 m. ; of rostrum, .0182 m. ; of abdomeii, .072 m. From near Hot Spring
Mountain.

The second species is named Astacus chenoderma. " This species is represented by
the cheles of opposite sides of one individual, with which I associate with great proba-
bility one from the right side of a second. Part of a cephalothorax of a third is asso-
ciated, but without conclusive evidence of identity, chiefly because of a near resemblance
in the sculpture." The chelte are long and slender, without spinous armature, but cov-
ered with thickly set granular tubercles. In the second specimen part of the carpus is
preserved; its lower margin is unarmed, while the outer face presents a series of short,
distantly placed spines. The surface of the carapace, as seen in the third specimen, is
delicately wrinkled by the confluent bases of fine pointed granules, which are directed for-
ward ; these become more scattered on the sides. As in A. stibgntndialis, there are two
pairs of post-orbital spines. The areola is of moderate width. Length from rostrum to
cervical groove, .0235 m. Width of areola .25 inch from front, .007 m. Length of chela,
.045 m. Width of base of chela, .0173 m. From Catharine's Creek.

The third species, Astacus breviforce.ps, is " established primarily on three cheles or
last segments of the fore limbs ; with these 1 have associated a cephalothorax of one,
and abdominal and postabdominal regions of three individuals. The only reason for such
reference of the latter is their superficial texture, in which they resemble the cheles, and
differ from the corresponding parts in the two other species." The chelse are short, thick,
the lower edge thin, the index rather short and conical ; the surface of the chelae is
granular tuberculate, except on the convex faces, where it is finely vermiculate rugose.
" The cephalothorax associated is quite similar to that of A. subgrundialis, and may pos-
sibly belong to it. It however differs in the finely vermiculate rugose character of its
surface. The rugae are generally transverse on the back and sides." The upper surface
of the abbominal segments is marked with a delicate vermiculate rugosity, like that of
the cephalothorax. In A. subgrundialis it is marked with impressed dots. The pleura
of the second abdominal somite are less than twice the width of the succeeding ones,
instead of being four times as wide, as in A. siibgrundialis. The succeeding pleura are
long, pointed, and slightly curved forward. "Some of the specimens indicate individuals
larger than those referred to A. subyrundialis." From Catharine's Creek.

According to Professor Cope, the beds in which these fossils were found are of fresh-
water lacustrine origin, as determined by the fishes and mollusks found therein. As to
their age, there is "great probability of their being later than the Miocene, and nothing
to conflict with their determination as of Pliocene age." *

Although nothing is known concerning the gills, or the presence or absence of hooks
on the legs, I am disposed to regard the fragments described by Cope as remains of Otue
Astaci, on account of certain superficial characters, such as the denticulate rostrum, the
post-orbital tubercles, the prominent acuminate abdominal pleura, etc. The only Astacus
known to inhabit the Territory of Idaho at the present day is A. Gambclii. Cope himself
has pointed out the resemblance of the rostrum of A. subr/runduilis to that of A. Gam-
Idii, and I have already shown (p. 131) that in the structure of the gills the last-named
species approaches the primitive type more nearly than any other living Astacus. In the
elongated, acuminate abdominal pleura, and in the two pairs of post-orbital tubercles, the
fossil species more nearly resemble C. nigrescent.

* Cope, ibid., p. 547.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 1 f>7

Table showing the Geographical Distribution of every Species of Cam-
barus and Astacus as far as yet ascertained.

GENUS CAMBARUS.
GROUP I.

1. C. Blandingil,

' New York.

New Jersey : Essex Co. ; Delaware Eiver and tributaries near Trenton, Mercer Co.

Maryland: Baltimore Co. ; Caroline Co. ; Dorchester Co. ; St. Mary's Co. ; Somerset
Co. ; Wicomico Co. ; Worcester Co.

Virginia: James Eiver; Lunenburg.

Nortli Carolina : Tarboro ; tributaries of Neuse Eiver, Goldsboro ; Kinston ; Beau-
fort ; Salmon Creek ; Wilmington.

South Carolina : Camden ; Saluda Eiver ; Columbia.

Georgia : Eichmond Co.
VAR. acuta.

South Carolina: Charleston; Beaufort.

Alabama : Mobile ; Blount Spring, Blount Co. ; Cullman, Cullman Co. ; Decatur,
Morgan Co. ; overflow of Tennessee Eiver, near Bridgeport, Jackson Co.

Mississippi : tributary of Tombigbee Eiver, Keuiper Co. ; near Vicksburg.

Louisiana : Tickfaw ; Amitc City ; New Orleans.

Tennessee : Memphis.

Missouri : St. Louis.

Illinois : Atheus ; Decatur ; Pekiu ; Normal ; Oquawka ; Peoria ; Lawn Eidge ;
Evanston.

Indiana: Wheatland, Knox Co.

Iowa : West Liberty ; Dubuque.

Wisconsin : Eacine ; Sauk City.
2. C. fallax.

Florida : St. John's Eiver at Jacksonville, Orange Bluff, Hawkinsville, Horse Land-
ing, Blue Spring, and Lake Jessup ; Magnolia ; Indian Eiver ; Titusville, Bre-
vard Co.
:-!. C. Hayi.

Mississippi : Macon ; Artesia.

4. C. Clarkii.

Texas : between San Antonio and El Paso del Norte ; San Antonio '- Waller Co.

Louisiana: New Orleans; Tangipahoa Eiver.

Mississippi : Ocean Springs, Jackson Co.

Alabama : Mobile.

Florida : Pensacola ; three miles below Horse Landing, St. John's Eiver.

5. C. troglodytes.

Georgia : Eichmoud Co.

South Carolina : Charleston ; Oakley ; Columbia.

158 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

6. C. maniculatus.

Georgia : in ditches in the lower part of the State. (Le Conte.)

7. C. Lecontei.

Alabama: Mobile.
Georgia : Athens.

8. C. angustatus.

Georgia : lower part of the State. (Le Conte.)

9. C. pubescens.

Georgia : Eichrnoud Co.

10. C. spiculifer.

Georgia: Athens; Milledgeville ; Atlanta; Eoswell, Cobb Co.; Chattahoochee
Eiver, Gainesville ; Etowah River.

11. C. versutus.

Alabama : neighborhood of Mobile.
Florida: Cape Barrancas. (See page 34.)

12. C. Alleni.

Florida : St. John's Paver, Hawkinsville ; Hernando Co. (See page 36.)

13. C. penicillatus.

Georgia.

? Mississippi. (See page 37.)

? South Carolina : Charleston. (See page 37.)

14. C. Wiegmanni.

Mexico.

15. C. pellucidus.

Kentucky : Mammoth Cave and other caves in Eclmonson Co.
Indiana : Wyandotte Cave ; cave in Bradford, Harrison Co.

GROUP II.

16. C. simulans.

Texas : Dallas ; east of Canadian Eiver.
Kansas : Fort Hays.

17. C. advena.

Georgia.

18. C. Carolinus.

South Carolina : Charleston ; Greenville ? (See page 56.)

19. C. gracilis.

Illinois : Normal ; Lawn Eidge ; Athens.
Wisconsin : Eacine.
Iowa : Davenport.

20. C. Mexicanus.

Mexico.

21. C. Cubensis.

Cuba : near Havana.

GROUP III.

22. C. Bartonii.

Dominion of Canada : St. John, New Brunswick ; Montreal ?

Maine : Houlton and Maysville, Aroostook Co. ; Madison, Somerset Co. (See p. 62.)

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 15 ( J

Vermont: Burlington, Colchester, and Shclburue, Chittenden Co.
Massachusetts: Grat'lon, Worcester Co.; Williamstowu, Berkshire Co.

New York : Lake Champlain ; Ellenburg, Clinton Co. ; Westport and Elizabeth-
town, Ks.scx Co.; Fultou Lakes, Hamilton ami Herkimer Cos.; C niton, St.
Lawrence Co.; Port Jervis and Newburg, Orange Co.; Fishkill, Duchess
Co.; Fall.sburg, Sullivan Co.; Sherburne, Ghenango Co.; Cazenovia, Madison
Co.; Ithaca, Tompkins Co.; Berkshire, Tioga Co.; (Irnesee Piiver, Rochester,
Monroe Co.; Niagara, Niagara Co. ; Forestville, Chautauqua Co.

New Jersey : Schooley's Mountain ; Orange ; Trenton.

Pennsylvania : Bedford and Pattonville, Bedford Co. ; Windham, Bradford Co. ;
Hiunnielstown, Dauphin Co.; Carlisle, Cumberland Co.; Berwick, Columbia
Co.; Bainbridge, Lancaster Co.; Schuylkill River, near Philadelphia; Chester
Co. ; McKeau Co. ; Foxburg, Clarion Co.

Maryland : Harford Co. ; Howard Co. ; Montgomery Co. ; Frederick Co. ; Wash-
ington Co. ; Garrett Co. ; Alleghany Co.

District of Columbia : Eock Creek, Georgetown.

Virginia : Clarke Co. ; Alexandria Co. ; Franklin, Southampton Co. ; tributaries
of Eappahannock Eiver, Stafford Co. ; James Eiver ; tributaries of James
River, Eockbridge Co. ; Lunenburg, Limenbiirg Co. ; Bath Co. ; Eeed Creek,
west of Wytheville, Wythe Co. ; Holston Eiver, Smyth Co.

West Virginia : Williamsport, Grant Co.; South Branch of Potomac Eiver; Pat-
terson's Creek ; Petroleum, Eitchie Co. ; near White Sulphur Springs, Green-
brier Co. ; branch of Clinch Eiver, northern base of Clinch Mountains.

North Carolina : Kiuston ; Newman's Fork, Blue Eidge, McDowell Co.

Ohio : Marietta ; Cincinnati ; Yellow Springs ; Scioto Eiver, Columbus.

Indiana : New Albany ; Fall Creek, Indianapolis.

Lake Superior.

Kentucky : Cumberland Gap, Josh Bell Co. ; Smoky Creek, Carter Co. ; Kentucky
Eiver, Little Hickman, Jessamine Co. ; Bear Creek, Grayson's Springs, Gray-
son Co. ; Mammoth Cave, Edmonson Co.

Tennessee : Doe Eiver, Carter Co. ; Lineville Cave, near Blountsville, Sullivan Co. ;
Knoxville.

For doubtful localities for C. Bartonii, see page 63.
VAR. robusta.

Dominion of Canada : Humber Eiver and Don Eiver, Toronto ; Indian Creek,
Weston, Province of Ontario.

New York : Forestville, Chautauqua Co. ; Genesee Eiver, Rochester, Monroe Co. ;
Sodus, Wayne Co. ; tributary of Racket Eiver, near Tupper's Lake, St. Law-
rence Co. ; Canton, St. Lawrence Co. ; Fulton Lakes, Hamilton and Herkimer
Cos. ; Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co.

Maryland : Montgomery Co.

Virginia : Fredericksburg.

Illinois : Decatur.

23. C. acuminatus.

South Carolina : Saluda Eiver.

24. C. latimanus.

South Carolina : Columbia ; Greenville.
Georgia : Athens ; Milledgeville ; Eos well.

100 A EE VISION OF THE ASTACID^.

Alabama: Blouut Spring and Cullman, Sand Mountain ; Bridgeport. (See page 69.)

Mississippi : Ocean City.

Tennessee : Ashland City, Cheatham Co. (See page 69.)

25. C. Diogenes.

New Jersey : Hamilton Township, Mercer Co.

Pennsylvania : Derry Station, Westmoreland Co.

Maryland : Baltimore Co. ; St. Mary's Co. ; Caroline Co. ; Dorchester Co. ; Worces-
ter Co. ; Garrett Co.

District of Columbia : near Washington.

Virginia : Alexandria Co. ; Accomack Co. ; Northampton Co. ; Fredericksburg,
Spottsylvania Co. ; Petersburg, Dinwiddie Co.

North Carolina : Wilmington ; Kinston.

Ohio : Kelley's Island, Lake Erie.

Indiana : Long Lake, Kendallville, Noble Co. ; Mechanicsburg, Henry Co. ; Knox
Co.

Illinois : Lawn Eidge ; Evanstou ; Belleville ; Decatur ; Chicago ; Abiugdon.

Michigan : Detroit.

Wisconsin : tributary of Pecatonica Eiver, Green Co. ; Appleton ; Eacine.

Iowa : Davenport.

Missouri : Carroll Co. ; St. Louis.

Kansas : Leaveuworth.

Colorado : Cleai Lake.

Wyoming : Cheyenne.

Arkansas.

? Kentucky.

? Tennessee.

Mississippi : Monticello, Lawrence Co.

Louisiana : New Orleans.

26. C. argillicola.

Dominion of Canada : Toronto, Province of Ontario.
Michigan : Detroit ; East Sagiuaw.
Indiana : New Albanj'.

27. C. dubius.

Virginia : Peuningtou's Gap, Lee Co.

West Virginia : Cranberry Summit, Preston Co.

Tennessee : Cumberland Gap.

28. C. Nebrascensis.

Dakota : Fort Pierre. (Girard.)

29. C. Uhleri.

Maryland : Caroline Co. ; Dorchester Co. ; Talbot Co. ; St. Mary's Co. ; Wicornico
Co. ; Somerset Co. ; Worcester Co.

30. C. extraneus.

Georgia : Etowah Eiver, Eome.

Tennessee : Tennessee Eiver, near border of Georgia.
81. C. Girardianus.

Alabama : Cypress Creek, Lauderdale Co.
32. C Jordan!.

Georgia : Etowah Eiver, Eome.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 161

33. C. cornutus.

Kentucky : Green Eiver, near Mammoth Cave.

34. C. hamulatus.

Tennessee : Nickajack Cave.

GROUP IV.

35. C. medius.

Missouri : Irondale, Washington Co.

36. C. immunis.

New York.

Indiana : White Eiver ; Fall Creek, Indianapolis ; Long Lake, Kendallville.
Illinois : Aux Plains ; Belleville ; Lawn Eidge ; Normal ; Oquawka.
Michigan : Detroit River, Detroit.
Wisconsin : Milwaukee.
Minnesota : Eichfield, Heunepin Co.
Iowa : West Liberty.
Missouri : St. Louis.
Kansas : Leaven worth ; Ellis.
Wyoming : near Laramie.
Alabama : Huntsville.
Mexico : Orizaba.
VAR. spinirostris.

Tennessee : Obion Co.

37. C. Mississippiensis.

Mississippi : Macon.

38. C. Palmeri.

Tennessee : Obion Co.

39. C. Alabamensis.

Alabama: Waterloo, Lauderdale Co.

40. C. compressus.

Alabama : Lauderdale Co.

41. C. lancifer.

Mississippi : Eoot Pond.

42. C. affinis.

New York : Niagara.

New Jersey : Schooley's Mountain and Dover, Morris Co. ; Eed Bank, Monmouth
Co. ; Trenton, Mercer Co. ; Camdeu Co.

Pennsylvania : Brandywine Creek ; Schuylkill ; Eeading ; Philadelphia ; Bristol ;
Susquehanua Eiver ; Bainbvidge ; Carlisle.

Maryland : Cecil Co. ; Harford Co. ; Havre de Grace ; Baltimore Co. ; Anne Arun-
del Co. ; Montgomery Co. ; Potomac Eiver, Charles Co. ; Williamsport, Wash-
ington Co. ; Cumberland, Alleghany Co.

District of Columbia : Potomac Eiver, Washington.

Virginia : Potomac Eiver, Gunston, Fairfax Co.

? Lake Erie.

? Lake Superior.

21

162 A KEVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

43. C. Sloauii.

Indiana : New Albany.
Kentucky. (Bundy.)

44. C. propinquus.

Dominion of Canada : Montreal ; Toronto.

New York : Grass Eiver, Black Lake, and Canton, St. Lawrence Co. ; Ogdensburg ;

Lake Ontario ; Garrison Creek, Sackett's Harbor ; Four-Mile Creek, Oswego ;

Oneida Luke ; Cay uga Lake; Rochester; Niagara; Forestville, Chautauqua Co.

All of these localities are in the St. Lawrence Eiver system.
Indiana : Elkhart Eiver, Eome City, Noble Co. ; Delphi ; Indianapolis ; Michigan

City; Tin-mail Creek, Sullivan Co.; Clear Creek, Blooming-ton; White Eiver;

Switz City.
Illinois : Freeport, Stephenson Co. ; Ogle Co. ; Geneva, Kane Co. ; Pekin, Tazewell

Co. ; Normal, McLean Co. ; Decatur, Macon Co. ; Aux Plains Eiver.
Michigan : St. Glair Eiver ; Detroit Eiver ; Northville ; Huron Eiver, Ann Arbor ;

Ecorse ; Kalamazoo Eiver, Otsego.
Lake Superior.

Wisconsin : tributaries of Pecatonica Eiver, Green Co. ; Madison.
Iowa : Davenport ; Des Moines Eiver, Ottumwa.
VAR. Sanbornii.

Kentucky : Smoky Creek, Carter Co.
Ohio : Oberlin.
VAR. obscura.

New York : Genesee Eiver, Eochester.

45. C. Harrisonii.

Missouri : Irondale, Washington Co.

46. C. virilis.

Dominion of Canada: Lake Winnipeg; Saskatchewan Eiver; Eed Eiver of the

North ; Toronto ; Montreal ?

Dakota : Eed Eiver of the North, near Pembina ; Souris or Mouse Eiver.
Minnesota: Lake Superior; Mississippi Eiver; Lake Minnetonka, Minnehaha

Creek, Cedar Lake, Bassett's Creek, and Lake Independence, Hennepin Co.
Wisconsin: Appletou ; Baraboo Eiver, Ironton ; Sank City; Wisconsin Eiver;

Sugar River ; Eock Eiver; Jefferson; Milwaukee.
Iowa: Davenport; Burlington; Fort Dodge; Spring Vale; Des Moines Eiver;

Bedford.

Nebraska : Omaha.
Wyoming : near Laramie City.

Kansas : Leavenworth ; Manhattan ; Republican River, N. W. of Fort Eiley ; Ellis.
Missouri : St. Louis ; Osage Eiver ; Irondale.
Illinois : Quincy ; Lawn Eidge ; Decatur ; Normal ; Pekin ; Cairo ; Geneva ;

Stillman's Creek, Marion.

Indiana : Michigan City ; Long Lake, Kendallville ; Elkhart Eiver, Eome City.
? Tennessee : near Lebanon.
Arkansas : White Eiver, Eureka Springs.
? Alabama : near Bridgeport, Jackson Co. (See page 97.)
Texas.
? New York : Lake George.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 163

47. C. rusticus.

Pennsylvania : Pitlslmrn; ; Philadelphia Co. ?

Ohio: Kelley's Island, Lake Erie; Miami Paver, Dayton ; Yellow Springs; Ohio

River, Cincinnati.

Indiana: Ohio River, Madison ; White River ; Indianapolis.
Illinois : Quincy ; Normal.

Kentucky : Kentucky River, Little Hicknian ; Perry ville, Boyle Co. ; Salt River.
Tennessee : Cumberland Gap ; Lebanon.
Lake Superior.

Wisconsin : Racine ; Beloit ; Ironton ; Fox River.
Iowa : Lizard Creek, Fort Dodge.
Missouri : Osage River.
Arkansas : White River, Eureka Springs.
Texas.

48. C. spinosus.

South Carolina : Saluda River.

Georgia : Etowah, Oostenaula, and Coosa Rivers, in the neighborhood of Rome.

Tennessee : Tennessee River, near border of Georgia.

Alabama: Cypress Creek, Lauderdale Co. (See page 117.)

49. C. Putnami.

Kentucky : Grayson Springs, Gray son Co. ; Green River, near Mammoth Cave.
Tennessee : Cumberland. Gap ; Knoxville ?
? Indiana : Bradford.

50. C. forceps.

Alabama : Cypress Creek, Lauderdale Co.
? Tennessee : Kuoxville.

GROUP V.

51. C. Montezumae.

Mexico : neighborhood of City of Mexico ; Lake Tezcoco ; Puebla ; Lake San
Roque ; Trapuato ; Parras, Cohahuila (see page 123) ; Mazatlan (Pacific Coast).

52. C. Shufeldtii.

Louisiana : near New Orleans.

GENUS ASTACUS.

1. A. (Cambaroides) Japonicus.

Japan : Hakodadi, Yesso.

2. A. (Cambaroides) Dauricus.

Siberia : upper portion of the basin of the Amoor River, as far down as Albasin,
including the rivers Ingoda, Argoon, Orion, Shilka, and Nercha.

3. A. (Cambaroides) Schrenckii.

Siberia : lower portion of the basin of the Amoor River.

4. A. Klamathensis.

Dominion of Canada : streams east of the Cascade Mountains, Province of British
Columbia.

164 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

Washington Territory : upper part of Columbia River and its tributaries at Fort

Walla Walla, Wenas Valley, and Spokane Falls.
Oregon : Klamath Lake ; Sikan Creek ; Des Chutes Paver.

5. A. leniusculus.

Oregon : lower part of the Columbia River.

Washington Territory : lower part of the Columbia River ; Puget Sound.

6. A. Trowbridgii.

Oregon : Columbia River, near Astoria.

Washington Territory : lower part of the Columbia River ; streams running into
Shoalwater Bay.

7. A. nigrescens.

California : San Francisco.

AVashingtou Territory : Fort Steilacoom. (See page 135.)

Alaska Territory: Oonalaska.

8. A. Gambelii.

Utah : Ogden River, Ogden.

Idaho : Fort Hall ; west side of Teton Basin.

Montana : mouth of Yellowstone River.

? Wyoming : Willow Creek. (See page 137.)

? California : Santa Barbara. (See page 137.)

9. A. torrentium.

Bohemia, Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Alsace.

10. A. pallipes.

Greece, Austria, Italy, France, Switzerland, Alsace, Spain, England, Ireland. (See
page 144.)

11. A. fluviatilis.

Russia (Baltic water-shed and small streams of the upper part of the basin of the
Dnieper), Austria, Germany, France, Italy ? Denmark (Huxley). Artificially
introduced into Sweden, whence it has spread into Southeastern Norway. (See
page 148.)

12. A. leptodactylus.

Russia (in rivers of the Ponto-Caspian basin, and in rivers and lakes emptying
into the Baltic and White Seas), Caspian Sea, Hungary (Danube River basin).
Artificially introduced into affluents of Tobol River, Siberia, whence it has
spread into the Irtish and Obi.*
VAR. angulosa.

Crimea and adjacent region, Russia.

13. A. pachypus.

Russia : estuaries of rivers flowing into the Black and Caspian Seas ; Malaya
Oozen River ; Caspian Sea.

14. A. Colchicus.

Russia : upper portion of Rion River and tributaries, Transcaucasia. Artificially
introduced into some of the tributaries of the upper Koor (ancient Cyrus).

* For the Astacus found in Turkestan, see p. 152.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 165

Table showing our present Knowledge of the Distribution of the North
American Species of Cambarus and Astacus, arranged according to
States and Territories.

1. MAINE. One species : G. Bartonii, in the St. John, Penobscot, and Keiinebec River

systems. For detailed localities, see p. 62.

2. NEW HAMPSHIRE. None.

3. VERMONT. One species : C. Bartonii, in affluents of Lake Champlain, at Burlington,

Colchester, and Shelburne, Chittenden Co.

4. MASSACHUSETTS. One species : C. Bartonii, at Williamstown, Berkshire Co., and

Grafton, Worcester Co.

5. PiHODE ISLAND. None. According to Prof. E. P. Larkin, Cambari (C. Bartonii ?)

were common forty years ago at Westerly, in the southwestern part of the
State, near the Connecticut line.

6. CONNECTICUT. None. Prof. S. I. Smith tells me that thirty or forty specimens of

C. Bartonii were introduced into a brook in New Haven in 1880, but none
have been seen there since.

7. NEW YORK. Five species: C. Blandingii, Bartonii (including var. rolmta}, immunis,

affinis, and -propinquus (including var. olscura). Perhaps also C. virilis.
C. Blandingii probably comes from the southeastern part of the State.
C. Bartonii is distributed over the whole of the State.
C. Bartonii, var. robusta, is found in the St. Lawrence Paver basin in Chautauqua,

Monroe, Wayne, St. Lawrence, Hamilton, Herkimer, and Jefferson Counties.
The particular locality for C. immunis is unknown.
C. affinis comes from Niagara, in the western part of the State, and probably lives

also in the southeastern part.
C. propinquus lives in the waters of the St. Lawrence basin, specimens having

been received from Grass Paver, Black Lake, and Canton, in St. Lawrence

Co. ; Lake Ontario ; Garrison Creek, Sackett's Harbor ; Oswego ; Oneida Lake ;

Cavua Lake, Rochester ; Niagara ; and Forestville, Chautauqua Co.
C. propinquus, var. obscura, is found in Genesee Paver, at Rochester.
C. virilix, Lake George ? (See page 98.)

8. NEW JERSEY. Four species : C. Blandingii, Bartonii, Diogenes, and affinis.

C. Blandingii is recorded from Essex Co. and from the Delaware River and tribu-
taries in Mercer Co.

C. Bartonii, from Essex, Morris, and Mercer Counties.
C. Diogenes, from the Delaware meadows near Trenton, Mercer Co.
C. affinis, from Morris, Momnouth, Mercer, and Camdeu Counties.

9. PENNSYLVANIA. Four species : C. Bartonii, Diogenes, affinis, and rustictis. C. Blan-

iliiifjii, found on the New Jersey side of the Delaware River, doubtless inhabits
the eastern part of the State.

C. Bartonii is found in Bedford, Bradford, Dauphin, Cumberland, Columbia, Lan-
caster, Philadelphia, Chester, McKean, and Clarion Counties (Delaware, Sus-
quehanna, and Ohio River systems).

C. Diogenes, at Deny Station, Westmoreland Co. (Ohio River system).

1G6 A KEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

C. affinis, at Bristol, Philadelphia, Brandywiiie Creek, Reading, Schuylkill, Bain-
bridge, aud Carlisle (Delaware and Susquehanna Eiver systems).

C. rusticus has been found at Pittsburg, in the western part of the State (Ohio
Eiver).

10. DELAWARE. None. An exploration of this State will probably discover C. Blan-

dingii, Sartonii, Diogenes, Uhleri, and affinis within its limits.

11. MARYLAND. Five species: C. Blandingii, Sartonii (including var. robusta), Diogmes,

Uhleri, and affinis.

Through the investigations of Mr. P. E. Uhler, of Baltimore, the distribution of
Cambari in Maryland is well ascertained.

C. Blanninf/ii is found in the counties on Chesapeake Bay arid to the eastward,
viz. Baltimore, Caroline, Dorchester, St. Mary's, Somerset, Wicomico, and Wor-
cester.

C. Sartonii inhabits the higher regions in the following counties : Harford, How-
ard, Montgomery, Frederick, Washington, Garrett, and Alleghauy.

C. Sartonii, var. robusta, has been collected in Montgomery Co.

C. Diogenes inhabits Baltimore, St. Mary's, Caroline, Dorchester, Worcester, and
Garrett Counties.

C. Uhleri has been found in Caroline, Dorchester, Talbot, St. Mary's, Somerset,
Wicomico, and Worcester Counties.

0. affinis, Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Anne Arundel, Montgomery, Charles, Wash-
ington, and Alleghauy Counties.

12. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Three species : C. Sartonii, Diogenes, aud affinis.

13. VIRGINIA. Seven species: C. Blandingii, Bar tonii (including var. robusta), Diogenes,

dubius, affinis, rusticus, and Putnami. C. Uhleri will probably be found in
Accomack Co.

C. Blandingii has been collected in James Eiver and at Lunenburg.

C. Sartonii appears to be widely distributed in Virginia ; the known localities
are Clarke Co. ; Alexandria Co. ; tributaries of Eappahannock Eiver, Staf-
ford Co. ; tributaries of James Eiver, Eockbridge Co. ; Lunenburg ; Frank-
lin, Southampton Co. ; Bath Co. ; Eeed Creek, Wythe Co. ; and Holston Eiver,
Smyth Co.

C. Sartonii, var. robusta, in stony streams running into the Rappahannock and in
springs at Fredericksburg, Spottsylvauia Co. According to Mr. Uhler, C. Sar-
tonii, var. robusta, is not found in the tributaries of the Eappahannock in Staf-
ford Co., whence comes the typical C. Sartonii.

C. Diogenes, Accomack Co. ; Northampton Co. ; Fredericksburg, Spottsylvania Co. ;
Petersburg, Dinwiddie Co. ; Alexandria Co.

C. dubius, at one locality, Pennington's Gap, Lee Co., in the southwestern corner
of the State.

C. affinis is found in the Potomac Eiver, Fairfax Co.

C. rusticus and C. Putnami are found at Cumberland Gap, at the southwestern
extremity of the State.

14. WEST VIRGINIA. Two species : C. Sartonii and C. dubius. The former is found

in affluents of the Potomac, Grant Co. ; Petroleum, Eitchie Co. ; White Sulphur
Springs, Greenbrier Co. ; and in branch of Clinch Eiver, in the southwestern
part of the State. The latter (C. dubius) comes from Cranberry Summit, Pres-
ton Co., in the northern part of the State.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 167

15. NORTH CAROLINA. Three species : C. Blandingii, Bartonii, and Diogenes.

C. niiiniJnujii, from Tarburo ; tributaries of Neuse River, at Goldsboro ; Kinston ;
Beaufort; Salmon Creek; and Wilmington. All of these localities are in the
eastern part of the State.

C. Jlnr/oiiii has been found at Kiuston, in the eastern part of the State, and in
Newman's Fork, in the Blue Ridge Mountains, McDowell Co., in the western
part,
C. Diogenes is recorded from Wilmington and Kinston.

16. SOUTH CAKOLIXA. Six species : C. Blandingii (including var. acuta), troglodytes,

Caroiiniis, tiriun-iiuitus, lathmnnix, and spinosus. Perhaps also C. penicillatus

and Bcrtonii. (See pages 37, Gl.)
C. J!/n in/ i iii/ii comes from Camdeu, the Saluda Eiver, and Columbia, in the middle

region of the State. C. Blandingii, var. acuta, from Charleston and Beaufort

on the sea-coast.

C. troglodytes has been received from Charleston, Oakley, and Columbia.
C. CaroUnus, hab. Charleston ; Greenville ? (See page 56.)
C. <n'// in i,i<ttus, hab. Saluda Eiver.
C. latima mis, hab. Columbia and Greenville.
C. S2}inosus, hab. Saluda Elver.

17. GEORGIA. Thirteen species : C. Blandingii, troglodytes, maniculatus, Lecontei, angus-

tufus, piibescens, spicidifcr, penicillatus, advcna, latimanus, extraneus, Jordani,

and spinosus. Perhaps also C. Bartonii. (See page 61.)
C. Blandingii and C. pulescens come from Richmond Co.
C. troglodytes also comes from Richmond Co. It differs from the typical form of

this species. (See page 28.)

C. maniculatus is assigned by Le Conte to the lower part of the State, in ditches.
C. Lecontei has been found at Athens, in the northern part of the State.
C. angustatm comes from the lower regions of the State.
C. spieulifer inhabits the upper part of the State, at Athens ; Milledgeville ; Atlanta ;

Roswell, Cobb Co. ; Chattahoochee River, Gainesville ; Etowah Eiver.
Exact localities for C. penicillatus are wanting.
C. advcna inhabits Lower Georgia.

C. latimanus is reported from Athens, Milledgeville, and Roswell.
C. extraneus, Jordani, and spinosus come from the neighborhood of Rome, in the

northwestern part of the State (Etowah, Oostenaula, and Coosa Rivers).

18. FLORIDA. Four species: C.fallax, Clarkii, versutus, and Alleni. A species belong-

ing to the C. Bartonii group also inhabits Florida.

C.fallax has been collected at the following places : St. John's River at Jackson-
ville, Orange Bluff, Hawkinsville, Horse Landing, Blue Spring, and Lake Jes-
sup ; Magnolia ; Indian River ; and Titusville, Brevard Co.

C. Clarkii, at Pensacola ; and below Horse Landing, on the St. John's River.

C. versutus, at Cape Barrancas (near Pensacola ?).

C. Alleni was discovered at Hawkinsville, on the St. John's River.

19. ALABAMA. Eleven species: C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Clarkii, Lecontei, versutus,

latimanus, Giriti-dimius, immunis, Alabamensis, compressus, spinosus, and forceps.
C. extraneus and C. Jordani will probably be discovered in the northeastern
part of the State, when that territory shall be explored. C. virilis is credited
to this State with some doubt. (See page 97.)

168 A HE VISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

C. Blandingii, var. acuta, at Mobile, in. the south, and at Blount Spring, Cullman,
Decatur, and Bridgeport, in the north. Decatur and Bridgeport are on the
Tennessee River.

C. Clarkii, Lecontei, and vcrsutus live in the neighborhood of Mobile.

C. latimanus comes from the northern part of the State, from Blount Spring, Cull-
man, and Bridgeport.

C. Girardianus, Alabamensis, compressus, spinosus, and forceps are found in Lau-
derdale Co., near the Tennessee River, in the northwestern corner of the
State.

C. immunis has been collected at Huntsville, Madison Co., in the northern portion
of the State.

The larger part of Alabama remains still unexplored.

20. MISSISSIPPI. Seven species : C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Hayi, Clarkii, latimanus,

Diogenes, Mississippiensis, and lancifer. Perhaps C. penicillatus (see page o7).

All the species mentioned above as inhabiting Lauderdale Co.,- Ala., may be

looked for in the northeastern part of Mississippi.
C. Blandingii, var. acuta,, has been found in a tributary of the Tombigbee River,

in Kemper Co., on the eastern border of the State, and near Vicksburg, on the

Mississippi River, on the western border.

C. Hayi, from Macon and Artesia, in the western portion of the State.
C. Clarkii and C. latimanus, from Ocean Springs, Jackson Co.
C. Diogenes, from Monticello, Lawrence Co.
C. Mississippiensis. Macon.
C. lancifer. The only specimen known up to the present time came from Root

Pond, Miss., an unknown locality.

21. LOUISIANA.. Four species : C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Clarkii, Diogenes, and Shu-

feldtii.
C. Blandingii, var. acuta, has been detected in the neighborhood of New Orleans,

Tickfaw, and Amite City.

C. Clarkii, around New Orleans and in the Tangipahoa River.
C. Diogenes and o. Shufcldtii come from the neighborhood of New Orleans.
Only a small tract in the southeastern part of this State has been explored.

22. TEXAS. Four species : C. Clarkii, simulans, virilis, and rusticus.

C. Clarkii. Waller Co. ; San Antonio ; between San Antonio and El Paso del

Norte.

C. simulans. Dallas ; " pools east of Canadian River."
The localities of the Texan specimens of C. virilis and C. rusticus are unknown.

23. OHIO. Four species: C. Bartonii, C. Diogenes, C. propinyuus, var. Sanlornii, and

C. rusticus.
C. Bartonii at Marietta, Cincinnati, Yellow Springs, and Columbus (all in the

Ohio River basin).

C. Diogenes. Kelley's Island, Lake Erie.

C. propinquus, var. Sanlornii, at Oberlin, in the northern part of the State.
C. rusticus. Kelley's Island, Lake Erie; Miami River, Dayton; Yellow Springs;

Ohio River, Cincinnati.

24. INDIANA. Ten species : C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. pdlucidus, Bartonii, Diogenes,

argillicola, immunis, Sloanii, propinquus, virilis, and rusticus. Perhaps also
C. Putno.mi in the southern part of the State.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 169

C. Blandingii, var. a cut a, has been received from Wheat/land, Knox Co., in the

southeastern part of the Stair.
C. pdlucidus inhabits Wyandotte Cave, Crawford Co., and caves in Harrison Co.

Both of these counties are on the southern border of the State.
C. Bartonii has been collected at New Albany, on the Ohio River, and at Indian-
apolis.
C. Diogenes is recorded from Long Lake, Kendallville, Noble Co. ; Mechanicsburg,

Henry Co. ; and Knox Co.
C. argillicola is fouud at New Albany.
C. iiinii/niif comes from White River; Fall Creek, Indianapolis; and Long Lake,

Kendallville.

C. Sloanii. New Albany.
C. projtinquits seems to be a common and widely distributed species. Known

localities: Elkhart Paver, Rome City, Noble Co.; Delphi; Indianapolis; White

River ; Switz City ; Michigan City ; Turman Creek, Sullivan Co. ; Clear Creek,

Bloomingtou.
C. mrilis. Michigan City ; Long Lake, Kendallville ; Elkhart River, Rome City.

All of these places are in the northern part of the State.
C. rustic us. Ohio River, Madison ; White River ; Indianapolis.
25. ILLINOIS. Eight species : C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. gracilis, G. Bartonii, var. rolusta,

C. Diogenes, C. immunis, C. propinquus, C. mrilis, and C. rusticus.
C. Blandingii, var. acuta. This is a very common species in Illinois. It is

recorded from Athens, Decatur, Pekin, Normal, Oquawka, Peoria, Lawn Ridge,

and Evauston.
C. yracilix. Normal, Lawn Ridge, Athens. " Very common along watercourses in

early spring." Forbes.

C. Bartonii, var. rolusta. One locality in the State, viz. Decatur.
C. Diogenes. Lawn Ridge, Evauston, Belleville, Decatur, Chicago, and Abingdon.

Very common.
C. immunis. Aux Plains [?], Belleville, Lawn Ridge, Normal, and Oqnawka.

" The commonest species of Central Illinois. It is especially frequent in the

muddy ponds of the prairies." Forbes.
C. 2'o]>inquus. Freeport; Ogle Co.; Geneva; Pekin; Normal; Decatur; Aux

Plains River.
C. virilis. Quincy; Lawn Ridge; Decatur; Normal; Pekin; Cairo; Geneva;

Stillman's Creek, Marion.

C. rusticus. Quincy (C. placidus Hagen) ; Normal.
C. troglodytes has been cited by Hagen as an Illinois species on the authority of a

single specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (No. 197) marked

" Lawn Ridge, 111., 0. Ordway." I am inclined to think the label erroneous.
2G. KENTUCKY. Nine species: C. pcllucidus, C. Bartonii, C. Diogenes! C. dubins, C. cor-

nn/i'x, C. Sloanii, C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii, C. rusticus, and C. Puinami.
C. pcllucidus. Mammoth Cave and other caves in Edmonson Co.
C. Bartonii. Cumberland Gap, Josh Bell Co. ; Smoky Creek, Carter Co. ; Ken-
tucky River, Little Hickman, Jessamine Co. ; Bear Creek, Grayson's Springs,

Grayson Co. ; Mammoth Cave, Edmonson Co.
C. duJnus. Cumberland Gap.
C. cornutus. Green River near Mammoth Cave.

22

170 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

C. Sloanii. Neighborhood of Louisville ?

0. propinquus, var. Sanbornii. Smoky Creek, Carter Co.

C. rusticus. Kentucky River, Little Hickman ; Perry ville, Boyle Co. ; Salt Paver ;

Cumberland Gap.
C. Putnami. Grayson Springs ; Green River, near Mammoth Cave ; Cumberland

Gap.

27. TENNESSEE. Twelve species : C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Bartonii, C. latimanus,

C. dubius, C. extraneus, C. hamulatus, C. immunis, var. spinirostris, C. Palmeri,

C. rusticus, C. spinosus, C. Putnami, and C. forceps ? Probably also C. virilis

and C. Diogenes. (See pages 72, 98.)
C. Blandingii, var. acuta. Memphis.
C. Bartonii. Cumberland Gap ; Doe River, Carter Co. ; Lineville Cave, near

Blountsville, Sullivan Co. ; Kuoxville.

C. latimanus. Ashland City, Cheatham Co. (Cumberland River). (See page 69.)
C. dubius. Cumberland Gap.

C. extraneus. Tennessee River, near the border of Georgia.
C. hamulatus. Nickajack Cave, in the southern part of the State.
C. immunis, var. spinirostris. Obion Co., in the northwestern corner of the State.
C. Palmeri. Obion Co.
C. rusticus. Cumberland Gap ; Lebanon.
C. spinosus. Tennessee River, near the border of Georgia.
C. Putnami. Cumberland Gap ; Kuoxville ?
C. forceps 1 Knoxville. (See page 119.)

28. MICHIGAN. Four species : C. Diogenes, argillicola, immunis, and propinquus. Also

C. Bartonii and C. rusticus in Lake Superior.
C. Diogenes and C. immunis have been found at Detroit.
C. argillicola, at Detroit and East Saginaw.
C. propinquus, in St. Glair Paver and Detroit River ; at Northville ; Ann Arbor ;

Ecorse ; and Otsego (Kalamazoo River).

29. WISCONSIN. Seven species : C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. gracilis, Diogenes, immunis,

propinquus, virilis, and rusticus.

C. Blandingii, var. acuta, is recorded from Racine, on Lake Michigan, and from
Sank City, on the Wisconsin River.

C. gracilis. Racine.

C. Diogenes. Tributaries of Pecatonica River, Green Co. ; Appleton ; Racine.

C. immunis. Milwaukee.

C. propinquus. Tributaries of Pecatouica River, Green Co. ; Madison.

C.i-iriitf. This appears to be common. It has been received from Appleton;
Baraboo River, Ironton; Sauk City; Wisconsin River; Sugar River; Rock-
River; Jefferson; and Milwaukee.

C. rusticus. Racine ; Beloit ; Irouton ; Fox River.

30. MINNESOTA. Two species: C. immunis and C. virilis, the former from Richfield,

Hennepin Co., the latter from Lake Superior, Mississippi River, and lakes and
streams in Hennepin Co.

31. IOWA. Seven species : C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. gracilis, Diogenes, immunis, pro-

pinquus, virilis, and rusticus.

C. Blandingii, var. acuta. West Liberty, Dubuque.
C. gracilis and C. Diogenes. Davenport.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 171

C. prjiiiii/nif$. Davenport; Ottumwa.

C. immunis. West Liberty.

C. ririlix. Davenport; Burlington; Fort Dodge ; Spring Vale; Des Moines Eiver;

1 Jed ford.

C. rusticus. Lizard Creek, Fort Dodge.
The State has been little explored. All of the above-named localities are on the

eastern border of the State, except Fort Dodge and Spring Vale, which are in

the central part.

32. MISSOURI. Seven species : C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Diogenes, medius, immunis,

Harrisonii, virilis, and rusticus. Possibly C. Bartonii in the Osage Paver.

(See page 61.)

C. Blandingii, var. acuta, occurs at St. Louis.
C. Diogenes. Carroll Co. and St. Louis.
C. medius. Iroudale, Washington Co.
C. immunis. St. Louis.
C. Harrisonii. Irondale, Washington Co.
C. virilis. St. Louis ; Osage Eiver ; Irondale.
C. rusticus. Osage Eiver.

33. ARKANSAS. Four species : C. Diogenes, virilis, rusticus, and one undetermined spe-

cies belonging to the C. Blandingii group.
C. Diogenes. Locality unknown.
C. virilis. White Eiver, Eureka Springs.
C. rusticus. White Eiver, Eureka Springs,
fy. iiuli't. Salina Eiver, Arkadelphia.

34. INDIAN TERRITORY. None.

35. KANSAS. Four species : C. simulans, Diogenes, immunis, and virilis.

C. simulans. Fort Hays.
C. Diogenes. Leavenworth.
C. immunis. Leavenworth ; Ellis.

C. virilis. Leavenworth; Manhattan; Eepublican Eiver northwest of Fort Eiley ;
Ellis.

36. NEBRASKA. One species, C. virilis, from Omaha, on the eastern border of the

State.

37. DAKOTA TERRITORY. Three species : Cambarus Nebrascensis, C. virilis, and Astacus

Gambclii.
C. Nebrascensis from Fort Pierre, at the confluence of the Bad and Missouri Elvers

(Girard).
C. virilis from the Eed Eiver of the North, near Pembina, and from the Souris or

Mouse Eiver.
A. Gambclii from the mouth of the Yellowstone Eiver, on the boundary between

the Territories of Dakota and Montana (the easternmost locality for the genus

Astacus).

38. MONTANA TERRITORY. One species, Astacus Gambclii, from the mouth of the

Yellowstone Eiver.

39. WYOMING TERRITORY. Three species : C. Diogenes, immunis, and virilis. Perhaps

also Astacus Gambelii. (See page 137.)
C. Diogenes has been found at Cheyenne.
C. immunis and C. virilis at Laramie City.

172 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

40. COLORADO. One species, C. Diogenes, from Clear Lake. I do not know in what part

of the State this is.

41. NEW MEXICO TERRITORY. None.

42. ARIZONA TERRITORY. -None.

43. UTAH TERRITORY. One species, Astacus Gambdii, from Ogden River, Ogden.

44. NEVADA. None.

45. IDAHO TERRITORY. One species, A. Gambdii, from Fort Hall on the Snake Eivev,

and from the west side of Teton Basin.

46. WASHINGTON TERRITORY. Four species: A. Klamaihensis, A. leniusculus, A. Trow-

bridgii, and A. nigrcscens.
A. Klamathensis from the section east of the Cascade Range, at Fort Walla Walla,

Wenas Valley, and Spokane Falls (upper part of the Columbia Paver and

tributaries).

A. leniusculus from the lower part of the Columbia River and Puget Sound.
A Trowbridgii. Lower part of Columbia River, near Astoria ; streams running

into Shoalwater Bay.
A. nigrescens. Fort Steilacoom on Puget Sound. (See page 135.)

47. OREGON. Three species : A. Klamathensis, A. leniusculus, and A. Troiobridgii..

A. Klamathensis. Klamath Lake ; Sikan Creek ; and Des Chutes River.
A. leniusculus. Lower part of the Columbia River.
A. Trowbridgii. Columbia River near Astoria.

48. CALIFORNIA.* Two species : A. Klamathensis and A. nigrescens. Perhaps also

A. Gambdii. (See page 137.)

A. Klamathensis in Klamath Lake on the northern border of the State.
A. nigrescens from the neighborhood of San Francisco.

49. ALASKA TERRITORY. One species, A. nigrcscens, from Oonalaska Island.

50. DOMINION OF CANADA. Four species : Cambarus Bartonii (including var. robitsta), C.

argillicola, C. propinguus, and Astacus Klamathensis. C. Diogenes, which occurs
at Detroit, Mich., will doubtless be found on the Canadian side of the river.

C. Bartonii. St. John, Prov. New Brunswick ; Montreal, Prov. Quebec ?

C. Bartonii, var. robusta. Toronto and Weston, Prov. Ontario.

C. argillicola. Toronto, Prov. Ontario.

C. propinguus. Montreal, Prov. Quebec ; Toronto, Prov. Ontario.

A. Klamathcnsix. Streams east of Cascade Mountains, Prov. British Columbia.

51. MEXICO. Four f species : C. Wiegmanni, Mexicanus, immunis, and Montczumce. But

little is known concerning the distribution of these species in Mexico. The
only specimen of C. Mexicanus which I have seen came from Mirador. The
locality given by Saussure for C. Aztccus (= C. Mexicanus ?) is " Tomatlan,
dans les Terres-Chaudes." Von Martens records the same species from Puebla.
C. immunis has been found at Orizaba, C. Munti-.inna' in the neighborhood of
the city of Mexico, at Puebla, Parras in the State of Cohahuila, and at Mazat-
lan on the Pacific coast. A mutilated specimen, probably C. Wiegmanni, in
the U. S. National Museum, comes from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

* In tbe U. S. National Museum there is a small specimen of Cambarus ol/scurus labelled " California"
(No. 2531). The locality is probably erroneous.

f Five species, if C. Aztecus Saussure be distinct from C. Mexicanus Erichson. (See page 51.) An un-
described species belonging to the Parastacinse was collected by John Xantus at Colima, on the west coast.
This is the only Parastaeine yet discovered north of the equntor.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 173

52. ("ir.VTKMAiA. A species of ( ';tml>;mis \v;is obtained liy Mr. Salvin near Coban, in the

Province of Alia Vera Tax, at an elevation of about 4,">00 feet above the sea.
(See Huxley, Proc. Zoblog. Soc. London, 1878, p. 7G3 ; The Crayfish, p. ",12,
iig. 78 ; also page 7 of this work.) This is the most southern locality from
which the genus Cambarus has been obtained.

53. CUBA. One species, C. Culensis. The examples in the Museum of Comparative

/oniony were obtained near Havana. According to Von Martens there are

O*/

indications of a second species of Cauibarus native to Cuba. (See page Go.)

Distribution of the North American Species of Cambarus and Astacus
according to the River Systems.

Viewing the distribution of the various species according to the river systems, it ap-
pears that the St. John, Penobscot, and Kennebec Eivers are inhabited by only a single
species, C. Bartonii. In the remaining large rivers of New England, the Androscoggin,
the Saco, the Merrimac, and the Connecticut, crayfishes are unknown. C. Bartonii has
been found in springs at Grafton, Mass., in the Blackstoue Eiver basin.

In the Hudson Eiver basin C. Bartonii is widely distributed. Near the mouth of
this river, in Essex Co., New Jersey, C. Blandingii occurs. This is probably its northern
limit in the east.

From the Delaware and its tributaries come C. Blandingii, Bartonii, Diogenes, and
((ffin is.

In the area drained by the rivers that empty into Chesapeake Bay, the chief of which
are the Susquehanna, Potomac, Eappahannock, and James, are found C. Blandimjii,
C. Bartoitii, C. Bartonii, var. robusta, C. Diogenes, Uhlcri, and affinis. C. Uhlcri is known
only in the low region on the Chesapeake and Atlantic coasts of Maryland, often in
brackish and salt water.

The rivers of North Carolina (Eoanoke, Tar, Neuse, Cape Fear, and tributary streams)
are inhabited by C. Blandingii, Bartonii, and Diogenes.

The San tee Eiver and the minor streams of South Carolina yield C. Blandingii,
C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. troglodytes, Carolinus, acuminatus, latimanus, spinosus, and
Burton it, the last species in the head- waters of the Santee among the mountains of
Western North Carolina.

The rivers which flow into the Atlantic Ocean in the State of Georgia (Savannah,
Altarnaha, etc.) furnish C. Blandingii, pubescens, troglodytes, Lecontei, spiculifer, penicillatux,
and latimanus. In the lower part of the State are also found C. advcna, angustatus, and
maniculatus.

In the St. John's Eiver, Florida, have been found C. fallaic, Clarkii, and Allcni.
C. fallax and 0. Alleni have not been found outside of the State of Florida.

In the upper portion of the Chattahoochee Eiver live C. spiculifer and C. latimamix.

In the upper part of the course of the Alabama Eiver (Etowah, Oostenaula. and Coosa
Eivers), C. c.i-tranexg, Jordani, and spinosus have been secured; in the upper part of the
Tombigbee, C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. hitiiiimui.s, Haiji, and Mis&issippicnsis. At
Mobile, where the Alabama and Tombigbee, after uniting, empty into Mobile Bay,
C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Clarkii, Lccuntci, and rcrsutus occur.

// River System. From the portion of the Mississippi Valley south of the

174 A KEVISION OF THE ASTACID.E.

Ohio and its 'affluents are recorded C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. Clarkii (near the mouth
of the river, at New Orleans, etc.). C. Diogenes, C. immunis, var. spinirostris, and C. Palmeri
(Obion Co., Tennessee), C. virilis and C. rusticus (from White Eiver, Arkansas), and
C. Shufcldtii (New Orleans).

In the region drained by the Tennessee Eiver are found, (a.) in the upper part of its
course, C. Bartonii, dubius (Cumberland Gap), rusticus (Cumberland Gap), Putnami, extra-
news, hamulatus, and spinosus (the last three from near the border of the State of Georgia).
(b.) In the southern bend of the river, within the State of Alabama, C. Blandingii, var.
acuta (Bridgeport and Decatur), C. lutimanus (Bridgeport), immunis (Huntsvillc), Girar-
dintius, Alabamensis, c.ompressus, spinosus, and forceps (the last five species from Lauderdale
Co. in the northwestern corner of Alabama).

In the Ohio Eiver and its tributaries (excepting the Tennessee) ate found C. Blan-
dingii, var. acuta, C. pdlucidus, Bartonii, Diogenes, argillicola, dubius (Preston Co., W. Ya.,
Cumberland Gap, Ky.), cornutus, immunis, virilis (Cairo, 111.), rusticus, Putnami, Sloanii,
propinqit'us, and C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii.

In the Mississippi Valley to the north of the Ohio are found C. Blandingii, var. acuta,
C. gracilis, C. Diogenes, C. Bartonii, var. robusta (Decatur, 111.), C. medius (Irondale, Mo.),
C. Harrisonii (Irondale, Mo.), C. immunis, virilis, rusticus, and propinquus.

From the Missouri and its affluents come C. simulans (Fort Hays, Kan.), C. Ncbrascen-
sis (Fort Pierre, Dakota), C. Diogenes (Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas), C. immunis (Laramie
City, Wyo., Leavenworth, Kan.), C. virilis (Laramie City, Wyo., Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas),
and Astacus Gambelii (at the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Missouri, and perhaps
also in the Platte Eiver drainage in Wyoming).

But little is known concerning the distribution of crayfishes in the rivers that flow
into the Gulf of Mexico west of the Mississippi. 0. Clarkii, simulans, virilis, and rusticus
have been collected in Texas ; C. Wiegmanni, Mexicanus, Aztccus (= C. Mexicanus ?),
immunis, and Montezumce, in Mexico.

The island of Cuba affords a peculiar species, 0. Cubcnsis.

In the great basin of the St. Lawrence Eiver are found C. Blandingii, var. acuta,
G. Bartonii, C. Bartonii, var. robusta, C. Diogenes, C. argillicola, C. gracilis, C. immunis,
C. virilis, C. rusticus, C. propinquus, C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii, C. propinquus, var. ob-
scura, and C. affinis. Of these, G. virilis, rusticus, propinquus, and Bartonii are found in
Lake Superior ; C. Blandingii, var. acuta, C. gracilis, Diogenes, immunis, virilis, rus/icus,
and propinquus, in Lake Michigan and its affluents; C. argillicola and C. propinquus, in
the Lake Huron drainage ; C. Bartonii, C. Bartonii, var. robusta, C. Diogenes, C. argillicola,
C. immunis, C. propinquus, C. propinquus, var. Sanbornii, and C. rusticus, in Lake Erie
and tributary streams ; in Lake Ontario and its affluents, C. Bartonii, C. Bartonii, var.
robusta, C. argillicola, C. propinquus, C. 2'opinquus, var. obscura (Rochester, N. Y.), and
C. affinis (Niagara). In the St. Lawrence and its affluents from the lower end of Lake
Ontario down to Montreal are found C. Bartonii and C. propinquus ; in Lake Champlaiu
and tributary streams, C. Bartonii.

In the Hudson's Bay water-shed, C. virilis occurs in Lake Winnipeg, Saskatchewan
Eiver, and the Eed Eiver of the North.

The basin of the Great Salt Lake is inhabited by Astacus Gambelii.

The upper waters of the Columbia Eiver furnish Astacus Gambelii (head of Snake
Eiver, Idaho) and A. Klainathcnsis. These are replaced by A. kniusculus and A. Trow-
bridgii in the lower part of the Columbia. A. Klamathcnsis is also found in the upper
part of the rivers of British Columbia, and as far south as Klamath Lake on the north-

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 175

em bounds of California. From the neighborhood of San Francisco, California, comes
J. i/ii/wi-iix, a species which apparently extends far north along the coast, as there are
specimens in the U. S. National Museum said to have been taken at Fort Steilacoora,
Washington Territory, and Ooualaska Island, Alaska Territory (lat. 53 52' N.).

On the west coast of Mexico, at Mazatlan, a Camburus occurs, C. Montezumce ; also a
Paiastacine at Colima.

General Conclusions derived from the Facts known concerning the Geo-
graphical Distribution of Crayfishes.

I. The crayfishes of the Southern hemisphere (Australia, Tasmania, Nesv Zealand,
Feejee Islands, Madagascar, aud South America) possess certain characters in common
(given on page 2) which separate them as a subfamily, Parastacinse, from the crayfishes
of the Northern hemisphere (Europe, Asia, and North America), which form a second sub-
family, PotamobiinEe (page 2). This was first pointed out by Huxley,* who suggests, in
explanation of this fact in the distribution of the crayfishes, that their marine ancestors
were already differentiated into a Parastaeine type in the Southern hemisphere and a
Potamobiine type in the Northern hemisphere, when they took possession of the fresh
waters. The distribution of the different genera of ParastaciuEe in the Southern hemi-
sphere will be considered in the second part of this memoir.

II. The crayfishes belonging to the subfamily Potamobihife occupy four geographical
areas, viz. :

(1.) The eastern and central part of the North American continent. This area em-
braces that portion of North America which lies east of the Rocky Mountains, drained
by the rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean, Hudson's Bay, aud the Gulf of Mexico,
from Lake Winnipeg on the north to Guatemala on the south. It includes the island
of Cuba.

(2.) The western slope of the North American continent, or the area drained by the
rivers that flow into the Pacific Ocean. In this area is included the basin of the Great
Salt Lake, which probably drained into the Pacific at a former period.

(3.) A tract on the eastern side of Asia, including the Amoor River basin and Japan.

(4.) An area including the greater part of Europe, and extending into Western Asia
so as to embrace the Aralo-Caspian basin.

Thus we have an eastern North American and a western North American area, an
eastern Eurasiatic f and a western Eurasiatic area. The two areas in North America are
in close juxtaposition at the Rocky Mountain divide, whereas the eastern and western
Eurasiatic crayfishes are sundered by a broad tract in Central Asia whose waters are
wholly destitute of these animals, as far as known.

III. (1.) The western Eurasiatic and the western North American crayfishes belong
to the genus Astacus (page 125). They are closely related, the European species differing
from the western North American species barely more than the latter do from each other.
(2.) The eastern North American crayfishes (Cambarus, page 3) are generically distinct
from the western North American and European species. (3.) The eastern Eurasiatic
crayfishes form a natural group (Cambaroides, page 126), in which the characters of
Astacus and Cambarus are combined.

* Proc. Zoolog. Soc. London, 1878.

] Eurasia is the siugle contiuent artificially divided into Europe and AMM.

176 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

In other words, the Astaci of Western North America find their closest kin, not in
their next neighbors, the crayfishes on the eastern side of the Eocky Mountains, nor in
those of Eastern Asia, but in the Astaci of Europe; the Cambari of Eastern North
America are most nearly related, not to the crayfishes on the other side of the Eocky
Mountains, nor to those on the opposite shore of the Atlantic, but to those of the remotest
district, Eastern Asia. The two areas inhabited by Astacoid forms alternate with two
areas of Cambaroid forms.

" If the facts had been the other way," says Huxley,* " and the West American and
Amoor-Japanese crayfish had changed places, the. case would have been intelligible enough.
The primitive Potamobine stock might then have been supposed to have differentiated
itself into a western Astacoid and an eastern Cambaroid form ; the latter would have
ascended the American, and the former the Asiatic rivers. As the matter stands, I do
not see that any plausible explanation can be offered without recourse to suppositions
respecting a former more direct communication between the mouth of the Amoor and that
of the North American rivers, in favor of which no definite evidence can be offered at
present."

In order to explain this singular mode of distribution of the Potamobiinae, let it be
supposed that the marine progenitors of the existing crayfishes were differentiated, not
only into a northern type with the Potamobiine characters and a southern type with the
I'arastacine characters, but that the Potamobiine type was already differentiated into an
Astacoid form and a Cambaroid form (with some of the essential characters of the modern
Cambarus), both of which became widely distributed around the globe in the ocean which
lay to the north of the ancient continents. After their adaptation to life in fresh water,
both forms would be driven southward by the climatic changes which have occurred
within comparatively recent geological periods, into all parts of each continent.! The
same causes, whether similar climatic conditions or other, which have operated in the
preservation of so many allied forms of plants and animals on the corresponding sides
of the Eastern and Western continents, would promote the survival of the descendants of
the one type of crayfish in Eastern North America and Eastern Asia, of the other in West-
ern North America and Europe. Unfortunately, we have no palteontological evidence
touching the former distribution of Astacus and Cambarus, the few fossils known being
too imperfect for the purpose ; but the assumption of the former coexistence of Astacus
and Cambarus in the same area of distribution receives positive support from the fact that a
blind Cambarus still survives in the subterranean seclusion of the caves of Carniola. (See
page 42.) It will, moreover, be borne in mind, that in other cases of animals and plants
that exemplify the same peculiarities of distribution with the crayfishes, direct palaeon-
tological evidence is not wanting to prove the former general distribution of forms now
restricted to widely separated localities. To instance a remarkable case among the marine
Crustacea, the peculiar genus Limulus is represented on the eastern coast of North
America by L. I'd/i/jilii'iinix. No Limuli exist on the Pacific shores of America nor on the
coasts of Europe, but closely related species inhabit the eastern side of Asia (Japan, Cochin
China, the Moluccas, etc.). Now, in the lithographic slates of Solenhofeu abundant fossil
Limuli clearly testily to their former existence in the seas of Europe.

The reader will observe that in this suggestion of a possible explanation of the pecu-
liar relations existing between the crayfishes of Western North America and of Europe on

* The Crayfish, p. 334.

t That the crayfishes had become fresh-water animals in Tertiary times is shown by the fossils of Idaho
and Wyoming.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 177

the one hand, and between those of Eastern North America and of Eastern Asia on the other,
I have simply made a new application of the theories advanced by Huxley* to explain
the differences between the crayfishes on the two sides of the equator, and by Asa Gray f
to account for phenomena in the distribution of plants similar to those presented by the
crayfishes of the Northern hemisphere.

The absence of Astacidas over a large part of Asia is well known. None are found in
the great rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean, nor in those of the central and southern
portions of the continent. In connection with the absence of crayfishes from the rivers
of Southern Asia, Milne Ed wards J lias suggestively observed that these waters are popu-
lous with fluviatile crabs of the family Telplmsidse. Indeed, as a general rule, crayfishes
are unknown in regions where fluviatile crabs abound, having succumbed, perhaps, to their
more highly organized rivals. Huxley remarks, moreover, that if the western Eurasiatic
crayfishes are derived from a primitive Aralo-Caspian stock, as seems probable, the great
Asiatic highlands would form an obstacle to their southward extension into India, while
the severity of the Siberian winter and the recent submergence of the land beneath the
ocean are invoked to account for the absence of these animals from the great Asiatic rivers
that empty into the Arctic Ocean.

IV. The only islands in the Northern .hemisphere known to be inhabited by crayfishes
lie near the mainland, and the crayfishes contained therein are either the same species as
those of the adjacent part of the continent, or closely related species. Thus, the species
found in England and Ireland and in the islands of Cherso and Veglia are the same as
those of the western and southern parts of Continental Europe, viz. Astacus imllipc.s. The
Japanese crayfishes (Cambaroides Japonicus) are nearly related to those of the Amoor
Iliver (Cambaroides Dauricus and C. Schrenckii), the Cuban species (Cambarus Cubcnsis)
to those of Mexico (C. Mcxicanus). The chances in favor of accidental transportation of
animals having the habits of crayfishes across bodies of salt water such as separate the
islands in question from the continents are so small, that it seems more probable that
their distribution was effected through migrations at a former period, when the present
insulated areas were continuous with the neighboring continents. The connection of the
British Isles with the continent of Europe in post-glacial times is admitted by geologists.
Evidence pointing to the former connection of the islands of the West Indian archipelago
with each other and with the mainland has been obtained abeady from the land fauna
and flora of these islands.

V. Blind crayfishes have been found in the caves of Carniola and the United States.
The Carniola blind crayfish is not merely specifically, but even generically, distinct from
the other species of Europe, and belongs to the same genus as the crayfishes of the Atlantic
slope of North America (Cambarus). As the genus Cambarus in Nortli America was not
developed under the influences affecting cavern life, it would seem that the generic iden-
tity of the Carniola cave species with the North American forms cannot be due to simi-
larity of surroundings, but rather to genetic connection. In other words, it is probable

* Op. dt.

f Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., New Series, VI. 377-452, 1857- Proc. Anier. Assoc. Adv. Sei.,
21st Meeting, pp. 1-31, 1873.

% Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces, III. 584, 1840.

Cf. Bland, Proc. Amer. Pliilosopli. Soc., XII. 56, 1871 ; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X. 311, 1874;
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., II. 117, 1880. Eggevs, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 13, 1879. The extinct fauna of
Cuba includes a giant sloth, Megalonyx (Leidy, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 178) ; and iu the little
island of Anguilla, which is only thirty-five square miles in area, are found the fossil remains of several species
of gigantic rodents and a deer (Cope, Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., XI. 183, 1S69; Ibid., XI. 608, 1870).

23

178 A EEVISION OF THE ASTACIDJ3.

that the genus Cambarus once flourished in the rivers of Europe. (See pages 42, 176.)
The cave species of the United States belong to the same genus as those inhabiting the
outside waters, but are not closely related to any of them. They may be considered as
derived from an ancient outside fauna of that region. (See page 42.)

VI. The genus Cambarus ranges from Lake Winnipeg to Cuba and Guatemala,
from New Brunswick to Wyoming Territory (in Mexico to the Pacific Ocean). Like the
Unionidte of the same waters, the Cambari are wonderfully rich in species, the evolution
of specific forms having gone on much more rapidly here than in the regions inhabited by
their relatives, the Astaci. Within the limits of the United States west of the Rocky
Mountains, and in Mexico and Cuba, fifty-two species of Cambarus are known, while the
described Astaci (including the subgenus Cambaroides) of Europe, Asia, and the Western
United States number but fourteen species, the chances of discovery of new species through
further exploration being greatly in favor of the genus Cambarus.

With regard to the distribution of the species of Cambarus, the whole territory occupied
by them seems to fall into two provinces ; a southern province, embracing the Atlantic
States south of North Carolina, the Gulf States, Mexico, and Cuba ; and a northern prov-
ince, which includes the Atlantic States north of South Carolina, the States of the Missis-
sippi Valley (in scnsa extenso) north of the Gulf States, and Canada. The southern province
is characterized by the prevalence of species belonging to Groups I. and II. (C. Blandingii
and C. advena groups). All of the fifteen species of Group I., excepting C. pdlucidus, are
found within the limits of this province as defined above. C. pel-lucidus comes from the
caves of Kentucky and Southern Indiana. Five of the six species belonging to Group II.
are found in the southern province ; the fifth, C. gracilis, is a northern species (Wisconsin,
Iowa, Illinois). C. simulans has been found in Texas and to the northward in Kansas.
The only two species belonging to Group V. (C. Montezumce and C. Shiifddtii) are confined
to the southern province, in Mexico and Louisiana. One species belonging to Group I.,
C. Blandingii, extends northward beyond the limits of the southern province as far as
New York along the Atlantic coast, and up to Wisconsin in the Mississippi Valley. In
both the East and the West, the northern form distinctly differs from the southern. (See
page 22.)

Besides the species of Cambari belonging to Groups I., II., and III., there are found
within the limits of the southern province six species* belonging to Group III. (C. Bar-
tonii group), and nine speciesf of Group IV. (C. affinis group). Only eight of them, how-
ever, are restricted to the southern province ; and of these eight, three (C. Girardianus,
Alabamcnsis, and compressus) are known only from the extreme northwestern corner of
Alabama, in the Tennessee Paver basin, while three (C. acuminatus, latimanus, and Jor-
datii) chiefly inhabit the upper portions of the river-courses in the mountainous regions
of the province. C. exlrane-us and C. spinosus are border species with respect to the two
provinces, being found in the streams on each side of the Alleghany divide, in South
Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. C. Diogenes, immunis, virilis, and rustic/us have their
populous centres of distribution in the north, although they have extended far southward
on certain lines.

In the northern province the species of the third and fourth groups (allies of C. Bar-
tonii and C. uffinis) are the dominant forms, wellnigh to the exclusion of those belong-
ing to the first and second groups. Nine species belonging to Group III. and eleven to

* C. (iriiniinntits, C. Intimanuv, C. Diogenes, C. extraneus, C. Giriinliiiiiiis, and C. Jordaiti.
t C. iium/niix, C. Mississippir/i.iis, C. Alabameims, C. compress/is, C. li/m-ifcr, C. virilis, C. rusticus, C. spi-
nosus, and C. furn-jis.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 179

Group IV. are found here, while Groups I. and II. are represented by only -two species
each, C. Blandingii and pcllucidus, and C. simulans and gracilia. The southern province
contains thirty-six species, twenty-eight of which are not found beyond its limits. From
the northern province twenty-four species are known, sixteen of them peculiar to it.

VII. In the territory occupied by the genus Cambarus the waters of the South and
West are richer in species than the waters of the Northeast. This will appear evident
on inspection of the table of distribution according to States, on page 165, or according
to river systems, on page 173. The well-explored New England States afford but one
species; Pennsylvania, four or five: while the less narrowly searched States to the
south and west yield much larger numbers; as Alabama, eleven; Georgia, thirteen; Ten-
nessee, twelve ; Indiana, ten.

VIII. The crayfishes of the upper part of a river basin are often different from those
found in the lower part of its course,* even when the river does not traverse a great dis-
tance in latitude. The distinction between the species of the upper waters and those
of the lower waters is most marked in rivers that have a heavy fall from their source to
their mouth. In the upper waters of the Santee basin, for instance, 0. B/irtonii, lati-
nianws, aciuninatus, and spinosus are found; in the lower portion of the same basin live
C. Blandingii, var. acuta, and C. troglodytes. So with Astacus: the lower part of the
Columbia River, near its mouth, is frequented by A. leniusculus and A. Trowbrid-gii;
while above the Cascades A. Klamatlicnsis is found, and yet higher, in the head-waters
of the Snake Eiver in Idaho, A. Gambdii.

IX. Distribution is often controlled by the character of the stream (temperature,
rapidity, purity, etc.) rather than by continuity of water communication. Thus, a species
of restricted range may be found in the upper waters of streams that rise in the same
mountain range, but flow in opposite directions and discharge at points far distant, and yet
be unknown in the lower portions of the same streams. For example, C. cxtraneus and
C. spinosus are found in the upper waters of the Santee, Alabama, and Tennessee Paver
systems. This fact is more easily explained in the case of crayfishes, many of which pos-
sess a singular faculty for living a long time away from the water, than in the case of
fresh-water fishes, where the same phenomenon of distribution has been pointed out by
Cope and by Jordan.f

* This was observed by Agassiz in the case of fishes and mollusks. See his " Lake Superior," p. 247,
Boston, 1850.

t See Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., New Series, VI. 207 et seqq., and Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 12.

INDEX.

[Synonyiiics are printed in Italics.]

ASTACUS PACE

advena LcC 54

ajjinis SAY 86

anguluiiis RATHXE 152

angu-stnhis LEC 30

attaeus PENNANT 112

Bartonii FAB 59

Blandingii HABLAN 19

brevi forceps COPE 156

Carolinus ERICHS 51

Caspius EICHW 153

cheuoderma COPE 156

ciliaris RAF 59

Colcbicus KESSL 153

Cubensis ERICHS 51

Dauricus PALLAS 129

fluviatilis ROND 146

fluviatilis, var. anyulosu GERSTF. . . 150

" Caspia GERSTF 153

" communis GERSTF. . . 146

" " leptodactyla GERSTF. . ] 50

" " pachypus GERSTF. . . 153

fontinalis CARBONNIER 143

fossarum LEC 27

fossor RAF 93

GambeliiAo 136

Japonicus DEH 128

Klamat.hensis STIMPS. ....... 131

latimanus LEC 69

leniusculus DANA 132

leptodactylus ESCHSCH 150

leptodactylus, var. angulosa KESSL. . . 150

" Caspia EICHW. . . 152

" salina NORDM. . . 150

leptorrhinus FISCH 129

limosus RAP 87

longicornis LEREB 141

mcmiculatus LEG 29

Mexicanus ERICHS 50

nigrescens STIMPS 135

nobilis HUXLEY 146

Oreganus RANDALL 133

pachypus RATHKE 153

pallipes LEREB 142

ASTACUS PAOE

pallipc-s, var. flava LEREB 143

j)MuMus TELLK 40

jii-iiii-illiitiia LEC 36

pusillus RAF 65

saxatilis KOCH 141

Scbrenckii KESSL 129

spicuii/er LsC 33

subgrundialis COPE 155

torrentium WOLF 141

tristis KOCH 141

troglodytes LEC 27

Trowbridgii STIMPS 134

ll'iegmanni ERICHS 38

CAMBAROIDES

Dauricus FAX. 129

Japonicus FAX 128

Schrenckii FAX 129

CAMBARUS

acuminatus FAX fi/

acutissimus GIR 22

acutus GIR 21

advena HAG 54

afBnis GIR 86

Alabamensis FAX 104

Alleni FAX 35

angustatus HAG 30

argillicola FAX 76

Aztenis SAUS 51

Bartonii GIR 59

Bartonii, var. longirostris FAX. ... 64

" " robtista FAX 61

Blandingii ERICHS 19

Blandingii, var. acuta FAX 20

Carolinus ERICHS 54

Clarkii GIR 26

OKCUS JOSEPH 45

compressus FAX 105

consobrinus SAUS 53

cornutus FAX 80

Couesi STREETS 97

Cubensis ERICHS 51

debilis BUNDT 97

Diogenes GIR 71

182

INDEX.

CAMBA.RUS PAGE

Diogenes, var. Ludoviciana FAX. . . 72

dubius FAX 70

extraneus HAG 84

fallaxHAQ 23

forceps FAX 119

Gamhelii GlR 136

Girardianus FAX 78

gracilis BUNDY 56

Hagenianus FAX 56

hamulatus FAX 81

Harrisonii FAX 94

HayiFAX 24

immunis HAG 99

immunis, var. spinirostris FAX. ... 99

Jordan! FAX 83

juvenilis HAG 112

lancifer HAG 86

latimanus HAG 69

Lecontei HAG 29

longulus GIR 66

maniculatus HAG 29

medius FAX 107

Mexicanus ERICHS 50

Mississippiensis FAX 101

montanus GIR 66

Montezmme SADS 121

Montezuma?, var. areolata FAX. . . . 123

" tridens VON MART. . 123

Nebrascensis GlR 75

obesus HAG 71

obscurus HAG 93

Oreganns GIR 133

PalmeriFAX 103

Peaki GIR 88

pellucidus ERICHS 40

penicillatus HAG 36

placidus HAG Ill

CAMBARUS p AGE

primsevus PKD 155

propinquus GIR 91

propiuquus, var. obscura FAX. ... 92

" " Sanbornii FAX. . . 91

pubescens FAX 31

pnsillus GIR 66

Putnami FAX 118

robustus GIR 67

rusticus Gm 108

Sanbornii FAX 92

Shufeldtii FAX 124

signifer HERRICK 100

sinrulans FAX 48

Sloanii BUNDY 89

spiculifer HAG 33

spinosus BUNDY 115

Stygius BDNDY 46

Stygius JOSEPH 45

troglodytes HAG 27

typhlobius JOSEPH 45

UhleriFAX 77

versutus HAG 34

virilis HAG 96

Wiegmanni ERICHS 38

Wisconsinensis BUNDY 113

CANCER

astacus LINN 146

Dauricus PALLAS 129

fluviatilis SACHS 146

nobilis SCHRANK 146

torrentium SCHRANK ] 41

ORCONECTES

hamulatus COPE 81

inerrnis COPE 42

pellucidus COPE 40

POTAMOBIUS

astacus SOWERBY , ... , . 143

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Cambarus Alleni FAX. Male, form I. Hawkinsville, Fla X 2

" 2. Cambarus simulaus FAX. Male, form I. Dallas, Tex X 1

" 3. Cambarus pubesceus FAX. Male, form II. McBeau Creek, Ga X 2

" 4. Cambarus Hayi FAX. Male, form I. Eastern Mississippi X 1

" 5. Cambarus immuuis, var. spiuirostris FAX. Male, form II. Obion Co., Tenn. . . X 2

PLATE II.

Fig. 1. Cambarus Cubensis ERICHS. Male, form I. Havana, Cuba X 2

" 2. Cambarus Lecontei HAG.* Male, form I. Type. Mobile, Ala X 1

" 3. Cambarus latimauus HAG. Female. Athens, Ga X 1

" 4. Cambarus fallax HAG. Male, form I. Type. Florida X 2

" 5. Cambarus spiculifer HAG. Male, form I. Athens, Ga : . X lj

" 6. Cambarus Moutezumse, var. trideus VON MABT.f Female. Mexico X 3

PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Cambarus Harrisouii FAX. Male, form I. Irondale, Mo X 2

" 2. Cambarus Mississippiensis FAX. Male, form I. Eastern Mississippi X 1

" 3. Cambarus Jordaui FAX. Male, form II. Rome, Ga X 2

" 4. Cambarus medius FAX. Male, form I. Irondale, Mo. X 2

" 5. Cambarus acumiuatns FAX. Female. Saluda River, S. C X 2

" 6. Cambarus Palmeri FAX. Male, form II. Obion Co., Tenn X 2

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Cambarus Girardianus FAX. Male, form II. Lauderdale Co., Ala X 1J

" 2. Cambarus argillicola FAX. Male, form I. Detroit, Micli X 2

" 3. Cambarus dubius FAX. Male, form I. Preston Co., W. Va X H

" 4. Cambarus Alabamensis FAX. Male, form I. Lauderdale Co., Ala.

" 5. Cambarus Sloanii BUXDY. Male, form I. New Albany, Ind X 1

" 6. Cambarus hamulatus FAX. Male, form II. Nickajack Cave, Tenn X 2

* The rostrum is badly drawn. Compare the description on page 29.
t The acumen of the rostrum is broken off in the specimen here figured.

184 A KEVISION OF THE ASTACID^E.

PLATE V.

Fig. 1. Cambarus cornutus FAX. Male, form I. Green River, Ky X 1

" 2. The same. Side view of head.

" 3. Cambarus propiuquus, var. Saubornii FAX. Male, form I. Carter Co., Ky. . . . X 2

" 4. Cambarus forceps FAX. Male, form I. Lauderdale Co., Ala X 3

" 5. Cambarus Putiiami FAX. Male, form I. Graysou Springs, Ky X 2

" 6. Cambarus compressus FAX. Male, form I. Lauderdale Co., Ala XI

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Astacus Klainathensis STIMPS. Male. Fort Walla Walla, Washington Territory. . X 1

" 2. The same. Male. Sikan Creek, Oregon XI

" 3. Astacus (Cambaroides) Schrenckii FAX. Female X 3

" 4. Astacus leniusculus DANA. Male X 1

PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. Cambarus Shufeldtii FAX. Female. New Orleans, La X 4

Figs. 2-3 a/ . First abdominal appendages of male.

" 2. Cambarus Blandingii ERICHS. Trenton, N. J. Form I., outer side. . . . . X 6

" 2'. The same. Form I., inner side X 6

" 2". The same. Form I., front X 6

" 2 a . The same. Form II., front . . . X 6

" 2 a '. The same. Form II., inner side X 6

" 3. Cambarus Hayi FAX. Form I., outer side X 6

" 3'. The same. Form I., inner side X 6

" 3 s . The same. Form II., outer side. X 6

" 3"'. The same. Form II., inner side X 6

PLATE VIII.

First abdominal appendayes of male.

Fig. 1". Cambarus pubescens FAX. Form II. . . X 8

" I 1 ". The same. Form II X 8

" 2. Cambarus Alleni FAX. Form I X 6

" 2'. The same. Form I X 6

" 3. Cambarus simulans FAX. Form I. .......... X 6

" 3'. The same. Form I X 6

" 3. The same. Form II X 8

" W. The same. Form II X 8

" 4. Cambarus gracilis BUXDY. Type. Form I. . X G

" 4'. The same. Form I '....... X G

" 4". The same. Form I X G

" 5. Cambarus Cubensis ERICHS. Form I X 12

" 5'. The same. Form I X 12

" 5". The same. Form II X 12

" 5'. The same. Form II X 12

" 0". Cambarus aeuminatus FAX. Form II X 12

" W. The same. Form II X 12

" 7. Cambarus dubius FAX. Form I X 6

" 7'. The same. Form I X 6

" 8. Cambarus Uhleri FAX. Form I X 8

" 8'. The same. Form I

" 8". The same. Form II X 12

" S a '. The same. Form II. . X 12

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 185

PLATE IX.

Firs/ abdominal appendage* <//' male.

Fig. 1". Cambarus luiinulalits FAX. Form II." ... X 12

" K The same. Form 11 ... X 12

" 2". Cambarus Girardiaiius FAX. Form II. . . . . . . . . . . X 10

" 2"'. The same. Form 11 X 10

" 3. Cumbarus cormitus FAX. Form I X 6

" y. The same. Form I X

" 4. Cambarus medius FAX.* Form I X

" 1'. The same. Form I X 6

" 5. Cambarus forceps FAX. Form I. X 8

" 5'. The same. Form I X 8

" 5". The same. Form II X 8

" 5'. The same. Form II X 8

" fi. Cambarus Putnami FAX. Form I X 4J

" 0'. The s:ime. Form I X 4

" 0". The same. Form II X 8

" 6'. The same. Form II X 8

" 7. Cambarus spiuosus BUNDY ? Lauderdale Co., Ala. Form I X 6

" ?'. The same. Form I X 6

" 7". Cambarus spinosus BUXDY. Etowah River, Ga. Form II . X 4

" 7 a '. The same. Form II X 4

" 8. Cambarus rusticus GIR. Yellow Springs, Ohio. Form I X 6

" 8'. The same. Form I X 6

" S". Tlie same. Form II X 6

" 8"'. The same. Form II . X 6

" 9. Cambarus Harrisonii FAX. Form I X 6

" 9'. The same. Form I X 6

" 10. Cambarus propiuquus, var. Sauboruii FAX. Form I. . . . . . . . X 5

" 10'. The same. Form I X 5

" 10". The same. Form II X 6

" 10". The same. Form II X 6

PLATE X.

First abdominal appendages of male.

Fig 1. Cambarus Sloauii BUNDY. Form I. X 6

" 1'. The same. Form I .... X

" 1". The same. Form II X 8

" l a/ . The same. Form II X 8

" 2. Cambarus compressus FAX. Form I X 8

" 2'. The same. Form 1 X 8

" 2 a . The same. Form II X 12

" 2 a '. The same. Form II X 12

" 3. Cambariis Alabamensis FAX. Form I X ( i

" 3'. The same. Form I X 6

" 3. The same. Form II. X 6

" 3"'. The same. Form II X 6

" 4. Cambarus Mississippiensis FAX. Form I X 6

" 4'. The same. Form I X 6

" 4". Tlie same. Form II X 6

" 4"'. The same. Form II X 6

* The outer ramus was warped l>y drying when thi; spc'ciineu was in the artist's hands.

24

186 A REVISION OF THE ASTACID^.

Fig. 5 a . Cambarus Palrneri FAX. Form II .... X 6

" 5 a '. The same. Form II X 6

" 6 a . Cambarus immuuis HAG. Form II. X 6

" 6 1 ". The same. Form II . X G

" 7. Cambarus Moutezumse SAUS. Form I. . . X 20

" 7'. The same. Form I X 20

" 7. The same. Form II . X 16

" 7"'. Tlie same. Form II. X 16

" 8. Cambarus Shufeldtii FAX. Form I X 25

" 8'. The same. Form I X 25

" 8\ The same. Form II.* . . X 30

" 8 a/ . Tlie same. Form II X 30

" 9. Astacus (Cambaroides) Dauricus FAX. . . . . X 6

" 9'. The same. X 6

" 10. Astacus (Cambaroides) Japonicus FAX

" 10'. The same

* The distinction between form I. and form II. is not well shown in these figures. Compare the description
on page 124.

P. Roetlei. del.

Printed bv B Meisel .

I.C.ALLENI. 2. C. SIMHI.ANS. :' C. PI-BESCENS. 4. C HAYI.

5.C. IMMl'XIS. V.\R. SPINIROSTKIS

PL II

Primed by B.Meisel.

1. (' CUBENSIS. '. C. LECONTEI 3. C. LATIMANUS, 4-. C. FALLAX.

5'. C. SPICULIFER. i C MONTEZIJM.V. VAK.TRIDENS

\ i ic

PL. Ill .

P.Roeuer. del Printed by B Meisel.

1. C. HARRISONII. 2. C. MISSISSIPPIENSIS. 3. C. JORDA.MI. 4. C. MEDIUS.

5 C Al'UMIXATL'S. 6.C.PALMERI.

FAXON ASTACIM

PL. IV

1 C GlRARDlANUS

2 C. AI.-i'.H.l.R'olA.
5. C Sl.lHNIl

3 (' DUBIUS
. C. HAMU..VIT',

I-. (' ALABAMENSIS.

i \rm.v

P.Koe", 5 6 Primed by B t.tes-1

1-2. I' CORNUTUS. 3, C. PROPINgilUS, VAR SANBORN'II. 4-. C. FOKL'EPS

5 i IT . <AMI. 6. C . coMpRKssrs

PL VI.

P. Roeiter. del.

B Meiscl

1 2. A. KI.AMATHENSIS. 3. A. SCHRENCKH. 4-. A. LENIUSCULIFS.

FAXON

i" HI

P. Roett. del.

1. C. SHLTELDTH.

Pnr.ied by B.Meisel-

PL.WI.

I

Printed by E

FAXON ASTACIDA

1' I' 1

10? 10''

I

P. Roetter. del.

Printed by E.Mosel.

FAXON ASTACIDA.

PI, >;

P. Roeuer. del.

Printed by B, Meisel.